Determinants of Cancer Screening in India: An Epidemiological Overview

Area of Science:

• Public Health
• Oncology
• Health Disparities

Background:

• Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) represent a significant global health challenge.
• Cancer is the second leading cause of mortality worldwide and a major contributor to deaths in India.
• Significant state-specific disparities exist in breast, cervical, and oral cancer screening coverage within India.

Purpose of the Study:

• To evaluate state-specific disparities in breast, cervical, and oral cancer screening coverage in India.
• To identify key determinants influencing cancer screening patterns among women in India.

Main Methods:

• Utilized data from the fifth National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5) with a cross-sectional study design.
• Included women aged 15-49 years, analyzing self-reported screening behaviors for cervical, breast, and oral cancers.
• Employed chi-square tests and logistic regression models to examine associations and estimate screening likelihood.

Main Results:

• Alarmingly low cancer screening rates were observed nationally: 1.2% for cervical, 0.6% for oral, and 0.5% for breast cancer.
• Positive associations with screening were found for exposure to health messages (TV/radio), higher BMI, and spouse's education.
• Negative associations were observed for high parity, current breastfeeding, and rural residence.

Conclusions:

• Health communication and spousal education are key enablers of cancer screening.
• Interventions targeting rural populations, such as mobile screening units and enhanced primary healthcare, are crucial.
• Culturally sensitive awareness campaigns and improved referral systems are recommended to boost screening uptake, especially in disadvantaged groups.