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The various IMFs between identical molecules of a substance are examples of cohesive forces. The molecules within a liquid are surrounded by other molecules and are attracted equally in all directions by the cohesive forces within the liquid. However, the molecules on the surface of a liquid are attracted only by about one-half as many molecules. Because of the unbalanced molecular attractions on the surface molecules, liquids contract to form a shape that minimizes the number...
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Cohesion is the attraction between molecules of the same type, such as water molecules. Water molecules have an overall neutral charge but are polar molecule. An oxygen atom in one water molecule has a partial negative charge that can bind to a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge in a second water molecule, forming a hydrogen bond. Each water molecule can form up to four hydrogen bonds with other water molecules. Hydrogen bonds are responsible for water's cohesive nature.
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Adhesion occurs when one type of molecule is attracted to a different molecule. Water exhibits adhesive properties in the presence of polar surfaces, such as glass or cellulose in plants. For instance, when water is poured into a glass, the positively charged hydrogen molecules of water are more attracted to the negatively charged oxygen molecules in the silica than to the oxygen in neighboring water molecules.
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Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...
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When a solid is dipped inside a liquid, the liquid surface becomes curved near the contact. For some solid–liquid interfaces, the liquid is pulled up along the solid, while for others, the liquid surface is convex or depressed near the solid surface. This phenomenon can be explained using the concept of cohesive and adhesive forces.
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Surface tension is a fundamental property of fluids, occurring at the boundary between a liquid and a gas or between two immiscible liquids. This phenomenon arises from the cohesive forces between molecules at the fluid's surface, creating an effect similar to a stretched elastic membrane. Inside each fluid, molecules are equally attracted in all directions by neighboring molecules, but surface molecules experience a net inward force, resulting in surface tension.
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Heterogeneous Wettability-Based Construction of Two-Phase Interfaces for Underwater Reversible Adhesion.

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  • 1State Key Laboratory of High-performance Precision Manufacturing, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P. R. China.

Advanced Science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)
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Summary

Researchers developed a novel underwater smart adhesive inspired by spiders. This switchable adhesive uses heterogeneous wettability surfaces for robust underwater adhesion and on-demand detachment via electrolysis, enabling applications in marine engineering.

Keywords:
heterogeneous wettability surfaceon‐demand detachmentsuperhydrophilicsuperhydrophobicunderwater adhesion

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Surface Chemistry
  • Biomimetics

Background:

  • Underwater smart adhesives are crucial for marine engineering and biomedical applications.
  • Current challenges include achieving robust adhesion and on-demand detachment in aquatic environments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design a novel underwater smart adhesive with switchable adhesion.
  • To mimic the diving bell spider's strategy using heterogeneous wettability surfaces.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of heterogeneous wettability surfaces with superhydrophobic (lipophilic) and hydrophilic regions.
  • Confining an oil phase within air cavities to form annular oil rings and isolate a water bridge.
  • Utilizing Laplace pressure at oil/water interfaces for adhesion.
  • Employing electrolysis for on-demand detachment.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated robust adhesion through stable oil/water interfaces.
  • Showcased linear enhancement of adhesion strength with multiple interfaces.
  • Achieved rapid detachment via controlled electrolysis.
  • Integrated the adhesive into an unmanned underwater vehicle (UUV) for practical applications.

Conclusions:

  • The heterogeneous wettability surface design provides a viable strategy for switchable underwater adhesion.
  • The developed adhesive shows significant potential for underwater anchoring and other marine engineering scenarios.