ID4 Suppresses Proliferation and Macrophage Polarization in Esophageal Carcinoma through Interaction with TCF4

The poor prognosis of esophageal carcinoma highlights the need to identify novel targets for esophageal carcinoma treatment. We found that the inhibitor of differentiation 4 (ID4) was decreased in esophageal carcinoma tumor tissues, and its expression was associated with the survival of patients with esophageal carcinoma. However, the role of ID4 in esophageal carcinoma remains unclear. In this study, we found that overexpression of ID4 suppressed the cell proliferation of esophageal carcinoma in vitro, as well as tumor growth in vivo, whereas knockdown of ID4 presented the opposite trend. On the other hand, esophageal carcinoma cells with the overexpression of ID4 reduced macrophage migration and M2 polarization. However, significant increases in macrophage migration and M2 polarization were observed in cultures with ID4 silenced. Interestingly, C-C motif ligand 2 (CCL2) was found to mediate the function of ID4 in macrophage polarization. Mechanistically, we identified for the first time that ID4 interacted physically with transcription factor 4 (TCF4) to inactivate TCF4 transcriptional activity, which led to a decrease in CCL2 expression. Moreover, the RNA-binding protein cell cycle-associated protein 1 bound to ID4 mRNA and downregulated its stability, which may contribute to its low expression in esophageal carcinoma. Taken together, these results support a novel hypothesis that ID4 downregulation may contribute to the development of esophageal carcinoma by interacting with TCF4, resulting in abnormal proliferation of esophageal carcinoma cells and tumor-associated macrophage infiltration. ID4 may contribute to the innovation of esophageal carcinoma biotherapy.

ID4 inhibits esophageal carcinoma by suppressing cancer cell proliferation and macrophage M2 polarization, and ID4 could be a potential prognostic marker for patients with esophageal carcinoma.