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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
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The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 3, 2026

A Data-Driven Approach to Quantifying Immune States in Sepsis
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Using Immune Clusters for Classifying Heterogeneity of Immunity in Healthy Adults.

Xiao-Hui Wu1, Yi Huang1, Si-Yu Zou1

  • 1Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.

Current Medical Science
|March 2, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study quantifies immune indicators in healthy adults, establishing reference ranges and identifying three distinct immune subtypes. Findings reveal age-related immune changes and correlations with metabolic health, aiding personalized immune monitoring.

Keywords:
Clustering analysisHealthy adultsImmune characteristicsImmune heterogeneityLymphocytesNutritional indicatorsPrediction model

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Clinical Practice
  • Human Health

Background:

  • Immune cell complexity and heterogeneity pose challenges for clinical quantification.
  • Establishing comprehensive reference ranges for immune indicators is crucial for healthy adults.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish comprehensive reference ranges for 60 immune indicators in healthy adults.
  • To characterize immune heterogeneity and identify distinct immune subtypes.

Main Methods:

  • 115 healthy adults (18-65 years) underwent simultaneous detection of 60 immune, nutritional, and metabolic indicators.
  • Flow cytometry measured immune cell subsets; unsupervised k-means clustering identified immune subtypes.
  • RNA-sequencing validated transcriptomic characteristics of identified immune subtypes.

Main Results:

  • Reference ranges for 60 immune indicators were established, with significant heterogeneity observed (38/60 indicators had CV > 30%).
  • Age significantly impacted adaptive immunity, with increases in HLA-DR+ T cells and decreases in Treg and naive CD8+ T cells.
  • Three immune subtypes were identified: 'potential type' (high naive T cells, mDCs), 'effector NK type' (high NK cell count, cytotoxicity), and 'effector T type' (high HLA-DR+ T cells, EM CD4+ T cells).

Conclusions:

  • A systematic framework for immunity quantification was developed, providing reference ranges and classifying healthy adults into three distinct immune subtypes.
  • These subtypes exhibit unique metabolic and transcriptomic features, enhancing understanding of immune heterogeneity.
  • Findings support personalized immune monitoring and intervention strategies in clinical practice.