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Urea Cycle01:23

Urea Cycle

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The urea cycle describes how liver cells convert ammonia to urea. Ammonia is a toxic waste product of protein catabolism. Land animals must convert ammonia into the less toxic urea which can be safely eliminated by the kidneys through urine. Marine animals excrete ammonia directly, and the surrounding water dilutes the ammonia to safe levels.
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Chemolithotrophs are microorganisms that obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic molecules such as hydrogen gas (H₂), ammonia (NH₃), reduced sulfur compounds (H₂S, S²⁻), and ferrous iron (Fe²⁺). Unlike heterotrophic organisms that rely on organic carbon, chemolithotrophs transfer electrons from these inorganic donors to the electron transport chain (ETC), generating a proton motive force (PMF) that drives ATP synthesis through oxidative phosphorylation.
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Modification of secretory and transmembrane proteins entering the rough ER begins in the ER lumen. These modifications aid in protein folding and stabilize the acquired tertiary structure. Protein modifications in the rough ER co-occur at different stages of protein folding.
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Modulating Urea Oxidation by Iron-Accelerated Reconstruction and Tailoring Anionic Microenvironment.

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Iron-doped nickel sulfide nanosheets boost urea oxidation (UOR) by enhancing electrode reconstruction and suppressing poisoning. This strategy improves hydrogen production and chemical synthesis efficiency.

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Anodic small-molecule electro-oxidation is key for hydrogen production and chemical synthesis.
  • Nickel-based anodes for urea oxidation (UOR) face challenges like slow reconstruction, poisoning, and mass transport limits.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To engineer Fe-doped Ni3S2 nanosheet arrays for efficient UOR.
  • To develop a strategy for regulating the active site and anionic microenvironment.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of self-supported Fe-doped Ni3S2 nanosheet arrays.
  • Operando spectroscopy and electrochemical analyses.
  • Investigating the role of Fe dopants and interfacial sulfate layers.

Main Results:

  • Fe dopants accelerate Ni(Fe)OOH formation and anion-derived reconstruction.
  • An interfacial SO4(2-) layer mediates electron transfer and suppresses carbonate adsorption.
  • Optimized electrode achieves 200 mA cm-2 at 1.355 V for UOR and 59 mV overpotential for hydrogen evolution.

Conclusions:

  • The Fe-doped Ni3S2 electrode demonstrates enhanced UOR activity and bifunctional hydrogen evolution.
  • The mechanism-driven strategy of interfacial gating and coreconstruction offers a transferable blueprint for electro-oxidation reactions.