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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 4, 2026

Bacterial Leaf Infiltration Assay for Fine Characterization of Plant Defense Responses using the Arabidopsis thaliana-Pseudomonas syringae Pathosystem
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NAD Modification at the Battlefront in Plant-Pathogen Interactions.

He Zhao1, Lena S Knorr1, Attilio Pascucci1

  • 1The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom;

Annual Review of Plant Biology
|March 2, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is vital for metabolism and now recognized for its role in immune signaling. NAD hydrolysis by enzymes regulates plant defense against pathogens, offering new disease resistance strategies.

Keywords:
TIR domaineffector-triggered immunitymicrobial pathogenesispathogen effectorsplant immune signalingsmall molecule signals

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Plant Immunity
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is crucial for cellular metabolism, including energy production and stress responses.
  • Emerging evidence highlights NAD hydrolysis as a key regulator of immune signaling pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of NAD and its derivatives in plant defense mechanisms.
  • To discuss NAD-modifying enzymes, particularly TIR domain proteins, in plant immunity.
  • To explore pathogen manipulation of host NAD metabolism.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of NAD metabolism in plant immunity.
  • Analysis of NAD-hydrolyzing enzymes, including TIR domain proteins.
  • Examination of pathogen virulence factors targeting NAD metabolism.

Main Results:

  • NAD and NAD-derived molecules modulate reactive oxygen species, calcium signaling, and immune activation.
  • Plant NAD-modifying enzymes, especially TIR proteins, generate immune-activating molecules.
  • Pathogens utilize NAD-modifying enzymes as virulence factors to subvert host defenses.

Conclusions:

  • NAD metabolism represents a critical interface in plant-pathogen interactions.
  • Understanding NAD's role in immunity opens avenues for enhancing plant disease resistance.
  • Targeting NAD metabolism offers novel strategies for crop protection.