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Related Concept Videos

Somatosensation01:33

Somatosensation

The somatosensory system relays sensory information from the skin, mucous membranes, limbs, and joints. Somatosensation is more familiarly known as the sense of touch. A typical somatosensory pathway includes three types of long neurons: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary neurons have cell bodies located near the spinal cord in groups of neurons called dorsal root ganglia. The sensory neurons of ganglia innervate designated areas of skin called dermatomes.
Spinal Cord: Information Processing01:10

Spinal Cord: Information Processing

The spinal cord is an integral hub for motor and sensory information that enables the brain to communicate with the peripheral nervous system (PNS). This communication consists of relaying sensory data and transmission of motor commands.
Sensory Information Processing
Sensory information processing begins at the sensory receptors located in the skin and other tissues, which detect somatic sensory stimuli such as touch, temperature, or pain. These receptors function as catalysts, initiating...
Major Somatic Sensory Pathways01:28

Major Somatic Sensory Pathways

Sensory impulses related to touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception from various body parts, such as the limbs, trunk, neck, and posterior head, travel to the cerebral cortex through the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway. The pathway’s name derives from the two white-matter tracts that convey the impulses: the spinal cord's posterior column and the brainstem's medial lemniscus. First-order sensory neurons extend their axons into the spinal cord, forming the posterior columns...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Training Persons with Spinal Cord Injury to Ambulate Using a Powered Exoskeleton
09:46

Training Persons with Spinal Cord Injury to Ambulate Using a Powered Exoskeleton

Published on: June 16, 2016

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Real-time brain-computer interface control of walking exoskeleton with bilateral sensory feedback.

Jeffrey Lim1, Po T Wang1, Won Joon Sohn2

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine (UCI), Irvine, CA, USA.

Brain Stimulation
|March 2, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study demonstrates a bidirectional brain-computer interface (BDBCI) that allows real-time brain-controlled walking and artificial leg sensation. This technology offers a new pathway for restoring ambulation in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI).

Keywords:
Bidirectional brain-computer interfaceBrain-computer interfaceDirect cortical electrical stimulationElectrocorticographySpinal cord injury

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Rehabilitation Technology

Background:

  • Spinal cord injury (SCI) severely impacts ambulation, necessitating advanced assistive technologies.
  • Current brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) for gait are unidirectional, lacking crucial sensory feedback.
  • Restoring both motor control and sensory perception is vital for functional recovery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate a bidirectional brain-computer interface (BDBCI) for simultaneous real-time brain-controlled walking and artificial leg sensation.
  • To investigate the use of electrical stimulation of the sensory cortex for artificial leg sensation.
  • To establish the feasibility of an embedded BDBCI system for restoring walking function.

Main Methods:

  • Recruited epilepsy patients with bilateral interhemispheric subdural electrocorticography (ECoG) implants.
  • Utilized motor mapping for leg motor cortex decoding of stepping intent.
  • Employed sensory stimulation mapping in the somatosensory cortex for artificial leg percepts.
  • Developed a custom embedded BDBCI to control a robotic gait exoskeleton (RGE) and provide sensory feedback.

Main Results:

  • Achieved high decoding performance (ρ = 0.92 ± 0.04) for BDBCI-controlled RGE operation.
  • Validated bilateral leg percepts with high accuracy (92.8%) in a blind step-counting task.
  • Confirmed that stimulation artifacts did not affect decoding performance; no adverse events reported.

Conclusions:

  • Established the feasibility of an embedded BDBCI system for restoring both motor control and artificial sensation of walking.
  • Demonstrated that leveraging interhemispheric leg sensorimotor cortices is safe and improves decoding.
  • Provided a foundation for translating BDBCI technology into fully implantable systems for SCI patients.