[Analysis of challenges in the surgical management of gallbladder neoplasms]

Gallbladder cancer is a highly malignant tumor of the biliary system. Radical resection remains the only treatment that can significantly improve patient prognosis. However,surgical management of gallbladder cancer in clinical practice still faces numerous challenges: intraoperative frozen section pathology and postoperative pathological examination are critical diagnostic tools,yet their accuracy is limited by medical technology and the inherent complexity of pathological diagnosis. Surgical strategies involving the extent of hepatectomy,lymph node dissection,and management of extrahepatic bile ducts remain controversial. This article systematically analyzes relevant guidelines and literature from domestic and international sources,combined with the clinical experience of the author's team,to address these challenges. The aim is to provide clinicians with more practical reference recommendations,thereby promoting the standardization and individualization of surgical treatment for gallbladder cancer.