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Related Concept Videos

Vision01:24

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex.
Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

Association Areas of the Cortex

Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...
Anatomy of the Eyeball01:20

Anatomy of the Eyeball

The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle layer, the vascular tunic,...
Visual System01:26

Visual System

Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...

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Updated: May 12, 2026

Investigating Object Representations in the Macaque Dorsal Visual Stream Using Single-unit Recordings
07:08

Investigating Object Representations in the Macaque Dorsal Visual Stream Using Single-unit Recordings

Published on: August 1, 2018

Early Development of Direction Selectivity in the Higher Visual Cortex.

Dallas C Khamiss1,2, Augusto A Lempel1,2, Brandon R Nanfito1,2

  • 1Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205.

The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience
|March 2, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Visual motion direction processing develops earlier in higher visual cortex (PMLS) than in primary visual cortex (V1) in ferrets. Visual experience impacts development differently across these areas, challenging hierarchical models.

Keywords:
developmentferretmotion visionvisual cortex

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Neuroscience
  • Visual System Research

Background:

  • Motion direction selectivity is crucial for visual processing.
  • This selectivity is present in early (V1) and higher visual areas (PMLS in ferrets).
  • Developmental processes in higher visual cortex remain poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the developmental trajectory of motion direction selectivity in the ferret visual pathway.
  • To compare the development of direction selectivity in the postero-medial lateral suprasylvian (PMLS) area and the primary visual cortex (V1).
  • To examine the influence of visual experience on the development of direction selectivity in V1 and PMLS.

Main Methods:

  • Studied the development of the motion pathway in ferrets of both sexes.
  • Presented drifting gratings (full motion cues) and flashing stationary stimuli (temporal changes only).
  • Recorded and analyzed direction selectivity in V1 and PMLS.

Main Results:

  • Direction selectivity emerged earlier in PMLS than in V1, contrary to hierarchical expectations.
  • Drifting gratings promoted development in both V1 and PMLS.
  • Flashing stimuli induced development only in PMLS, not V1.
  • Developmental sensitivity to visual experience differed between V1 and PMLS.

Conclusions:

  • PMLS development significantly deviates from V1 development, impacting models of motion pathway and disorder development.
  • The coordinated development of visual areas is complex and not strictly hierarchical.
  • Further research should address inter-areal interactions during development.