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Neurodevelopmental comorbidities in juvenile systemic autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases

Pierre Ellul1, Isabelle Melki2

  • 1Université Paris-Cité, IHU Robert Debré du Cerveau de l'enfant, Excellence Centre for Autism and Neurodevelopment Disorders, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France. pierre.ellul@aphp.fr.

Nature Reviews. Rheumatology
|March 2, 2026
PubMed

Insights

Children with juvenile autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases may face higher risks for neurodevelopmental disorders. Early intervention and integrated care are crucial for improving outcomes in these vulnerable children.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric rheumatology and neurology
  • Immunology and developmental biology

Background:

  • Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are a significant global public health concern.
  • Complex genetic, environmental, and immune interactions influence neurodevelopment, especially during critical vulnerability windows.
  • Juvenile systemic autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases (JSAADs) may increase the risk of NDDs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the association between JSAADs and the risk of developing NDDs in children.
  • To emphasize the need for early detection and management of NDDs in children with JSAADs.

Main Methods:

  • Review of emerging evidence on the interplay of immune factors and neurodevelopment.
  • Analysis of the impact of early onset and delayed treatment of JSAADs on neurodevelopmental vulnerability.

Main Results:

  • Children with JSAADs, particularly those with early onset and delayed treatment, exhibit increased vulnerability to NDDs.
  • These associations are transforming pediatric rheumatology practice.

Conclusions:

  • Early screening, multidisciplinary management, and personalized interventions are essential for addressing both inflammatory diseases and NDDs in children.
  • International research, biomarker discovery, and long-term follow-up are critical for advancing care and improving long-term quality of life.

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