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Related Concept Videos

Structural Isomerism02:34

Structural Isomerism

Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula. Structural isomerism of coordination compounds can be divided into two subcategories, the linkage isomers and coordination-sphere isomers.
Linkage isomers occur when the coordination compound contains a ligand that can bind to the transition metal center through two different atoms. For example, the CN− ligand can bind through the carbon atom or through the nitrogen atom. Similarly, SCN− can be...
Stereoisomerism02:52

Stereoisomerism

Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula.
Transition metal complexes often exist as geometric isomers, in which the same atoms are connected through the same types of bonds but with differences in their orientation in space. Coordination complexes with two different ligands in the cis and trans positions from a ligand of interest form isomers. For example, the octahedral [Co(NH3)4Cl2]+ ion has two isomers (Figure 1) In the cis...
Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
Resonance and Hybrid Structures02:16

Resonance and Hybrid Structures

According to the theory of resonance, if two or more Lewis structures with the same arrangement of atoms can be written for a molecule, ion, or radical, the actual distribution of electrons is an average of that shown by the various Lewis structures.
Resonance Structures and Resonance Hybrids
The Lewis structure of a nitrite anion (NO2−) may actually be drawn in two different ways, distinguished by the locations of the N–O and N=O bonds.
Isomerism02:43

Isomerism

Isomers are molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements. Isomers can be further classified into constitutional isomers and stereoisomers. Constitutional isomers differ in the connectivity of their constituent atoms. For example, 2-butanol and diethyl ether are constitutional isomers, as they have the same chemical formula, C4H10O, but differ in the connectivity of the carbon and oxygen atoms. Constitutional isomers have different physical and chemical...
Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects01:26

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects

Schottky defects arise when some lattice points in a crystal, such as those in NaCl, remain unoccupied, creating lattice vacancies without disturbing the overall electrical neutrality of the crystal. This defect is common in ionic crystals where the positive and negative ions are similar in size, as seen in sodium chloride and cesium chloride. The presence of Schottky defects enables the crystal to conduct electricity to a small extent through an ionic mechanism. Electric fields cause nearby...

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Seedless Growth of Bismuth Nanowire Array via Vacuum Thermal Evaporation
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Structural and Plasmonic Evolution in Mixed-Dimensionality Bismuth/Graphene Heterostructures.

Tushar Gupta1, Kenan Elibol2,3, Michael Stöger-Pollach4

  • 1Institute of Materials Chemistry, Technische Universität Wien (TU Wien), Getreidemarkt 9/165, A-1060 Vienna, Austria.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|March 3, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We studied bismuth (Bi) nanostructures on graphene using electron microscopy. Room temperature deposition yields crystalline Bi films, while higher temperatures form amorphous Bi nanoparticles that crystallize under electron beams, affecting plasmonics.

Keywords:
bismuthcrystallizationelectron beam induced effectselectron energy loss spectroscopygraphenein situ TEMmixed-dimensionality heterostructuresphysical vapor deposition

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Surface Science

Background:

  • Mixed-dimensionality heterostructures of low-dimensional bismuth (Bi) with two-dimensional (2D) graphene are promising for nanoelectronics, batteries, catalysis, and plasmonics.
  • Understanding intrinsic Bi-graphene interactions is crucial for optimizing these applications.
  • Previous studies often used supported graphene, limiting the investigation of intrinsic interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the morphology and structural evolution of low-dimensional Bi/graphene heterostructures.
  • To investigate intrinsic Bi-graphene interactions using high-resolution microscopy.
  • To correlate structural changes with plasmonic properties.

Main Methods:

  • Deposition of low-dimensional Bi nanostructures onto suspended monolayer graphene membranes via physical vapor deposition (PVD).
  • High-resolution (scanning) transmission electron microscopy ((S)TEM) for morphological and structural analysis.
  • (Valence) electron energy loss spectroscopy ((V)EELS) to probe plasmonic features.

Main Results:

  • Bi deposited on room temperature graphene forms crystalline β-Bi grains and nanorods with specific textures, exhibiting rotational van der Waals epitaxy.
  • Higher deposition temperatures (150-250 °C) lead to amorphous Bi nanoparticles (NPs) due to reverse desorption.
  • Amorphous Bi NPs show electron beam-induced in situ crystallization, correlating structural evolution with changes in surface plasmon energy.

Conclusions:

  • Intrinsic Bi-graphene interactions can be studied on suspended graphene, revealing distinct growth mechanisms at different temperatures.
  • The crystallization state of Bi nanoparticles significantly influences their plasmonic properties.
  • These findings provide insights into controlling Bi/graphene heterostructures for advanced applications.