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Recombinant DNA technology called transgenesis is often used to add a foreign gene or remove a detrimental gene from an organism. Such genetically modified organisms are called transgenic organisms.
The first-ever transgenic plant was a tobacco plant developed in 1983 that showed resistance against the tobacco mosaic virus. Since then, many transgenic plants have been developed and commercialized for improving the agricultural, ornamental, and horticultural value of a crop plant. Transgenic...
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CcCIPK14 Gene Function Analysis to Illuminate the Efficient Root Transgenic System
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Rooting Conifer Genetic Research: An Accessible and Efficient Transformation System.

Jing-Jing Li1, Yi-Mei Zhao1, Jia-Fan Liu1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.

Plant Biotechnology Journal
|March 3, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed an advanced genetic engineering system to overcome challenges in transforming conifers, enabling efficient gene transfer in diverse plant species like Ginkgo biloba and Chinese pine. This tool facilitates functional genomics and studies on long-distance signaling evolution in ancient gymnosperms.

Keywords:
Rhizobium‐mediated transformationconifermobile signallingprotein mobilitytransgenic root

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Biotechnology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Evolutionary Genomics

Background:

  • Conifers are vital to global ecosystems but are difficult to genetically transform.
  • Existing methods face intrinsic resistance in conifer adventitious roots.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To engineer a versatile binary vector system for efficient genetic transformation in conifers and other recalcitrant plants.
  • To establish a non-aseptic root transformation system for Pinus tabuliformis.
  • To investigate long-distance macromolecular trafficking and signaling evolution in gymnosperms.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic engineering of a binary vector with modified T-DNA borders, VirG mutant (VirGN54D), and replication origin mutant (pVS1 R106H).
  • Cross-species transformation testing, including Ginkgo biloba.
  • Development of a non-aseptic root transformation system for Pinus tabuliformis.
  • Functional genomics studies involving transgenic expression of Arabidopsis FT and conifer biomarker DAL1.

Main Results:

  • An optimized vector system enabled efficient, cross-species genetic transformation, including in Ginkgo biloba.
  • A non-aseptic, efficient root transformation system was established for Pinus tabuliformis.
  • Transgenic FT protein demonstrated long-distance mobility in Chinese pine roots, while DAL1 showed no mobility, indicating lineage-specific constraints on mRNA transport.

Conclusions:

  • The developed genetic toolkit is broadly applicable for challenging plant species, addressing bottlenecks in conifer biotechnology.
  • The findings provide new insights into the evolution of long-distance signaling mechanisms.
  • This system opens avenues for functional genomics in non-model plants, particularly ancient gymnosperms.