Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome01:36

Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome

10.4K
Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
Endocytosis
In endocytosis, the cell membrane takes up macromolecules and particles from the surrounding medium. Clathrin-mediated...
10.4K
Autophagy01:27

Autophagy

6.0K
Autophagy is a self-digesting process by which a cell protects itself from threats both within and outside the cell, ranging from abnormal proteins to invading bacteria. In this process, obsolete components of the cell and invading microbes are degraded by hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen.
An autophagic pathway consists of a series of signaling events activated in response to diverse stress and physiological conditions such as food deprivation,...
6.0K
The Early Endosome: Endocytosis of Transferrin01:28

The Early Endosome: Endocytosis of Transferrin

5.0K
Essential proteins such as insulin or low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and micronutrients such as iron enter a eukaryotic cell through receptor-mediated endocytosis. Subsequently, the early endosomes fuse with the vesicles containing such receptor-ligand complexes and play a vital role in sorting the incoming ligands and receptors. While the ligands are either degraded inside the vesicle or released into the cytosol, their receptors are returned to the plasma membrane for further rounds of...
5.0K
Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies01:38

Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies

5.0K
Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...
5.0K
Autophagic Cell Death01:18

Autophagic Cell Death

4.8K
Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
Autophagy and Apoptosis
Autophagy can activate apoptosis. In normal conditions, the autophagy activating protein Beclin-1 and...
4.8K
Lysosomal Hydrolases01:22

Lysosomal Hydrolases

4.7K
Lysosomes are the site for the degradation of macromolecules and biological polymers released during membrane trafficking events such as secretory, endocytic, autophagic, and phagocytic pathways. The membrane-enclosed area of the lysosome, called the lumen, contains hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment. These acid hydrolases are functional at a pH between 4.5 and 5 and are involved in cellular processes such as cell signaling, energy metabolism, restoration of the plasma membrane,...
4.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Vitamin D Signaling in Neurodegenerative Disorders: Mechanisms, Therapeutic Potential, and Clinical Implications.

Nutrients·2026
Same author

Role of ESCRT pathway and autophagy in neurodegenerative diseases.

International review of neurobiology·2026
Same author

GABARAPL2 and Alix mediate reciprocal regulation of autophagy and exosome pathways to facilitate cellular homeostasis.

Molecular biology reports·2026
Same author

Functional SLC29A3/ENT3 drives autophagic clearance of intracellular viral particles.

Virus research·2026
Same author

The potential of bioengineered exosomes in regenerative medicine: a next generation therapy.

Human cell·2026
Same author

Comparison of unidirectional barbed knotless suture versus vicryl rapide suture for intraoral wound closure in maxillofacial trauma: A clinical study.

Bioinformation·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 4, 2026

Evaluation of LC3-II Release via Extracellular Vesicles in Relation to the Accumulation of Intracellular LC3-positive Vesicles
06:58

Evaluation of LC3-II Release via Extracellular Vesicles in Relation to the Accumulation of Intracellular LC3-positive Vesicles

Published on: October 18, 2024

1.3K

SLC29A1/ENT1 and SLC29A3/ENT3 differentially regulate autophagy.

Bhawana Bissa1, Tejinder Kaur1, Arnav Joshi1

  • 1Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.

Autophagy
|March 3, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Equilibrative nucleoside transporters SLC29A1/ENT1 and SLC29A3/ENT3 have opposing roles in autophagy. SLC29A1 inhibits autophagy by regulating adenosine transport, while SLC29A3 promotes it, revealing a complex interplay in cellular homeostasis.

Keywords:
AMPKAdenosineENTautophagynucleosidetransporter

More Related Videos

The Lactate Dehydrogenase Sequestration Assay — A Simple and Reliable Method to Determine Bulk Autophagic Sequestration Activity in Mammalian Cells
09:34

The Lactate Dehydrogenase Sequestration Assay — A Simple and Reliable Method to Determine Bulk Autophagic Sequestration Activity in Mammalian Cells

Published on: July 27, 2018

18.8K
Author Spotlight: Imaging ATG9A, a Multi-Spanning Membrane Protein
07:20

Author Spotlight: Imaging ATG9A, a Multi-Spanning Membrane Protein

Published on: June 16, 2023

2.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 4, 2026

Evaluation of LC3-II Release via Extracellular Vesicles in Relation to the Accumulation of Intracellular LC3-positive Vesicles
06:58

Evaluation of LC3-II Release via Extracellular Vesicles in Relation to the Accumulation of Intracellular LC3-positive Vesicles

Published on: October 18, 2024

1.3K
The Lactate Dehydrogenase Sequestration Assay — A Simple and Reliable Method to Determine Bulk Autophagic Sequestration Activity in Mammalian Cells
09:34

The Lactate Dehydrogenase Sequestration Assay — A Simple and Reliable Method to Determine Bulk Autophagic Sequestration Activity in Mammalian Cells

Published on: July 27, 2018

18.8K
Author Spotlight: Imaging ATG9A, a Multi-Spanning Membrane Protein
07:20

Author Spotlight: Imaging ATG9A, a Multi-Spanning Membrane Protein

Published on: June 16, 2023

2.8K

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENTs) are crucial for nucleoside salvage, but their diverse roles beyond DNA synthesis remain explored.
  • Multiple ENT subfamilies suggest specialized, non-redundant functions in maintaining cellular homeostasis.
  • The interplay between ENTs and cellular processes like autophagy is not fully elucidated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the distinct roles of SLC29A1/ENT1 and SLC29A3/ENT3 in regulating autophagy.
  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which these transporters influence autophagic flux.
  • To explore the reciprocal regulatory relationship between ENTs and autophagy.

Main Methods:

  • Gene silencing (siRNA) to modulate SLC29A1 and SLC29A3 expression.
  • Adenosine (Ado) treatment to assess transporter substrate effects.
  • Western blotting to analyze PRKAA/AMPK phosphorylation and BECN1-BCL2 interaction.
  • Pharmacological inhibition of SLC29A1 transport.
  • Analysis of autophagy in prkaa-null cells and slc29a1- /- / slc29a3- /- mice.

Main Results:

  • Cell surface SLC29A1/ENT1 inhibits autophagy by suppressing PRKAA/AMPK phosphorylation, contrasting with endolysosomal SLC29A3/ENT3's pro-autophagy role.
  • Adenosine treatment induces PRKAA/AMPK-dependent autophagy, with SLC29A1 promoting adenosine efflux and attenuating this effect.
  • SLC29A1 inhibits autophagosome formation by promoting BECN1-BCL2 interaction, independent of the MTOR pathway.
  • Autophagy reciprocally regulates SLC29A1 and SLC29A3 expression, and corresponding mouse models exhibit altered autophagic activity.

Conclusions:

  • SLC29A1 and SLC29A3 play distinct and opposing roles in autophagy regulation.
  • SLC29A1's regulation of autophagy is dependent on its nucleoside transport function and cellular metabolic state.
  • The findings reveal a dynamic, reciprocal relationship between ENTs and autophagy, offering therapeutic targets for related disorders.