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Related Concept Videos

Glycolysis: Preparatory Phase01:21

Glycolysis: Preparatory Phase

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In cellular metabolism (the complete breakdown of glucose to extract energy),  glycolysis is the first step. Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Glucose enters heterotrophic cells in two ways. One method is through secondary active transport, where the transport takes place against the glucose concentration gradient. The other mechanism uses a group of integral proteins called GLUT proteins, also known as glucose transporter proteins. These...
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Other Glycolytic Pathways01:24

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The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) operates in parallel with glycolysis, facilitating the metabolism of both pentoses and glucose. This pathway consists of two distinct phases: the oxidative and non-oxidative phases. While it does not directly generate ATP, the intermediates formed during the process can integrate into glycolysis, contributing to cellular energy metabolism when required.Oxidative Phase: NADPH ProductionThe oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway is primarily...
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Oligosaccharide Assembly01:24

Oligosaccharide Assembly

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Protein glycosylation starts in the ER lumen and continues in the Golgi apparatus. Glycosyltransferases catalyze the addition of sugar molecules or glycosylation of proteins. Usually, these enzymes add sugars to the hydroxyl groups of selected serine or threonine residues to form O-linked glycans or the amino groups of asparagine residues to form N-linked glycans. Different positions on the same polypeptide chain can contain differently linked glycans.
Multiple sugar molecules that may or may...
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Biosynthesis of Polysaccharides01:26

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Polysaccharides such as glycogen and starch are synthesized from nucleoside diphosphate sugars, primarily uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPG) and adenosine diphosphate glucose (ADPG). These activated glucose donors act as key intermediates in carbohydrate metabolism and biosynthesis. UDPG primarily involves glycogen synthesis in animals and many bacteria, while ADPG plays a fundamental role in starch synthesis in plants and certain bacteria.UDPG is formed when glucose-1-phosphate reacts with...
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Energy-requiring Steps of Glycolysis01:20

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Glucose is the source of nearly all energy used by organisms. The first step of converting glucose into usable energy is called glycolysis. Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol of the cell over two phases: an energy-requiring phase and an energy-releasing phase. Over the first three steps, glucose is converted into different forms and attached to two phosphate groups donated by two ATP molecules, resulting in an unstable sugar. In the next two stages, the unstable sugar splits into two sugar...
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Esters to β-Ketoesters: Claisen Condensation Mechanism01:08

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Regular Claisen condensation involves the synthesis of β-ketoesters by combining identical ester molecules bearing two α hydrogens in the presence of an alkoxide base. The reaction commences with the deprotonation of the acidic α hydrogen by the base to form a resonance stabilized ester enolate. This nucleophilic ion then attacks the carbonyl center of another ester molecule to generate a tetrahedral alkoxide intermediate. Next, the expulsion of the alkoxide group from the...
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Updated: Mar 4, 2026

Enzymatic Cascade Reactions for the Synthesis of Chiral Amino Alcohols from L-lysine
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l-Erythrulose Synthesis From Glycerol by a Multienzymatic Cascade Reaction.

Aurélien Doutry1, Cédric Gastaldi1, Maela Claeys1

  • 1Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.

Chemsuschem
|March 3, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a novel biocatalytic cascade for upgrading glycerol into l-erythrulose. The system overcomes enzyme inhibition and cofactor costs, achieving high yields and selectivity for a valuable bio-based chemical.

Keywords:
l‐erythrulosebiomassenzymatic cascadeglycerol dehydrogenationrare sugar synthesis

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Area of Science:

  • Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering
  • Green Chemistry and Biorefining
  • Metabolic Engineering

Background:

  • Glycerol upgrading is key for biorefineries, but chemo-catalysis lacks selectivity and enzymatic methods face productivity issues.
  • Glycerol dehydrogenase (GDH) produces dihydroxyacetone (DHA) from glycerol but suffers from product inhibition and cofactor dependency (NAD+).
  • NADH, a byproduct of the reaction, also inhibits the enzyme, further limiting efficiency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a robust and efficient biocatalytic system for converting glycerol into high-value oxygenates.
  • To overcome the limitations of product inhibition and cofactor dependency in glycerol oxidation.
  • To engineer a multifunctional biocatalyst for the continuous production of l-erythrulose.

Main Methods:

  • A biocatalytic cascade system was designed, integrating glycerol dehydrogenase (GDH) with fructose-6-phosphate aldolase (FSAA129S) to consume DHA.
  • An optimized cofactor regeneration system using NADH oxidase and catalase (NOX) was implemented to enable catalytic NAD+ usage.
  • All four enzymes were co-immobilized onto a resin to create a stable, multifunctional heterogeneous biocatalyst.

Main Results:

  • The cascade system effectively prevented DHA inhibition by rapidly converting it to l-erythrulose.
  • Complete selectivity for l-erythrulose was achieved, a stable and non-inhibitory product.
  • Production of l-erythrulose reached concentrations up to 120 mM, demonstrating high productivity and robustness.

Conclusions:

  • The developed multifunctional biocatalyst offers a highly selective and efficient method for glycerol valorization.
  • This integrated system overcomes key limitations of enzymatic glycerol oxidation, paving the way for industrial applications.
  • The approach enables the production of valuable oxygenates from bio-based glycerol, supporting sustainable biorefinery concepts.