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Related Concept Videos

Ethers from Alcohols: Alcohol Dehydration and Williamson Ether Synthesis02:29

Ethers from Alcohols: Alcohol Dehydration and Williamson Ether Synthesis

Overview
Ethers can be prepared from organic compounds by various methods. Some of them are discussed below,
Preparation of Ethers by Alcohol Dehydration
In this method, in the presence of protic acids, alcohol dehydrates to produce alkenes and ethers under different conditions. For example, in the presence of sulphuric acid, dehydration of ethanol at 413 K yields ethoxyethane, whereas it yields ethene at 443 K.
Ethers from Alkenes: Alcohol Addition and Alkoxymercuration-Demercuration02:35

Ethers from Alkenes: Alcohol Addition and Alkoxymercuration-Demercuration

Overview
Ethers can also be prepared from alkenes through acid-catalyzed addition of alcohols and alkoxymercuration–demercuration.
Preparation of Ethers by Acid-Catalyzed Addition of Alcohol to Alkenes
The acid-catalyzed addition of alcohol to an alkene involves treating the alkene with an excess of alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst to form an ether under suitable conditions. The hydrogen will add to the less substituted carbon so that the nucleophile can attack the more substituted...
Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:24

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.
Preparation of Alcohols via Addition Reactions02:15

Preparation of Alcohols via Addition Reactions

Overview
The acid-catalyzed addition of water to the double bond of alkenes is a large-scale industrial method used to synthesize low-molecular-weight alcohols. An acidic atmosphere is required to allow the hydrogen in the water molecule to act as an electrophile and attack the double bond in an alkene. The addition of a proton to the double bond creates a carbocation intermediate. The proton preferentially bonds to the less substituted end of the double bond to create a more stable carbocation...
Carboxylic Acids to Methylesters: Alkylation using Diazomethane01:33

Carboxylic Acids to Methylesters: Alkylation using Diazomethane

Carboxylic acids react with diazomethane in an ether solvent via alkylation at the carboxylate oxygen atom to give methyl esters of the corresponding acid with excellent yields.
Production of Alcohol01:27

Production of Alcohol

Continuous fermentation is a key strategy in industrial ethanol production, particularly when efficiency, scalability, and high yields are essential. This approach allows for uninterrupted operation and optimized resource utilization. The primary feedstock, corn starch, undergoes enzymatic hydrolysis facilitated by α-amylase and glucoamylase. These enzymes break down the starch into fermentable sugars such as glucose, which are readily assimilated by fermentative microorganisms.Fermentation...

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Synthesis and Catalytic Performance of Gold Intercalated in the Walls of Mesoporous Silica
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Liquid-Phase Syngas-To-Methanol at Low Temperature: Mixed Alcohol Solvent-Controlled Pathways for Circular Carbon

Guanfu Liu1, Helena Hagelin-Weaver2, Pratap Pullammanappallil1

  • 1Agricultural & Biological Engineering Department, Packaging Engineering Program, University of Florida/IFAS, Gainesville, Florida, USA.

Chemsuschem
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Summary

Mixed alcohol solvents impact methanol synthesis efficiency. Isopropanol and 2-butanol influence methanol yield linearly, guiding optimized circular manufacturing processes.

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Published on: September 2, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Chemical Engineering
  • Catalysis
  • Green Chemistry

Background:

  • Methanol is a key platform chemical for circular manufacturing.
  • Low-temperature liquid-phase methanol synthesis offers energy-efficient syngas valorization.
  • Optimizing solvent effects is crucial for efficient methanol production.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the influence of mixed alcohol solvents (2-butanol and isopropanol) on methanol synthesis.
  • To understand the role of solvent composition in methanol yield and intermediate formation.
  • To provide insights for optimizing methanol production processes within a circular economy framework.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a commercial CuO/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst for methanol synthesis.
  • Conducted reactions at 170°C and 5 MPa using varying ratios of 2-butanol and isopropanol.
  • Analyzed reaction products to identify intermediates and quantify methanol yield.

Main Results:

  • A nearly linear relationship was observed between solvent composition and methanol yield.
  • Isopropanol presence led to the formation of isopropyl formate intermediate.
  • No 2-butyl formate intermediate was detected, indicating differential ester stability.
  • 2-butanol showed higher reactivity but also higher cost.

Conclusions:

  • Solvent choice significantly impacts methanol productivity and intermediate stability.
  • Understanding solvent-product interactions is key for process optimization.
  • This research supports the integration of methanol synthesis with waste valorization for circular economy applications.