Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Statistical Significance

Statistical Significance

Once data is collected from both the experimental and the control groups, a statistical analysis is conducted to find out if there are meaningful differences between the two groups. A statistical analysis determines how likely any difference found is due to chance (and thus not meaningful). In psychology, group differences are considered meaningful, or significant, if the odds that these differences occurred by chance alone are 5 percent or less. Stated another way, if we repeated this...

Hindsight Biases

Hindsight Biases

Hindsight bias leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t. In other words, you knew all along that things would turn out the way they did. Can you relate this to the phrase "Hindsight is 20/20" now?

Determination of Expected Frequency

Determination of Expected Frequency

Suppose one wants to test independence between the two variables of a contingency table. The values in the table constitute the observed frequencies of the dataset. But how does one determine the expected frequency of the dataset? One of the important assumptions is that the two variables are independent, which means the variables do not influence each other. For independent variables, the statistical probability of any event involving both variables is calculated by multiplying the individual...

Associative Learning

Associative Learning

Associative learning is a fundamental concept in behavioral psychology, wherein a connection is established between two stimuli or events, leading to a learned response. This process is critical in understanding how behaviors are acquired and modified. Conditioning, the mechanism through which associations are formed, can be divided into two main types: classical conditioning and operant conditioning, each elucidating different aspects of associative learning.
Classical conditioning, also known...

Generalization, Discrimination, and Extinction

Generalization, Discrimination, and Extinction

Generalization, discrimination, and extinction are key concepts in operant conditioning that influence how behaviors are learned and maintained.
Generalization occurs when a behavior reinforced in one context is performed in similar situations. For instance, a student who studies diligently for calculus and receives excellent grades might apply the same study habits to psychology and history, expecting similar results. Generalization shows how learning in one setting can influence behavior in...

Purposive Learning

Purposive Learning

E. C. Tolman emphasized the purposiveness of behavior — the idea that much of our behavior is goal-directed. For instance, employees who aim for a promotion work diligently to meet their targets. Tolman argued that when classical conditioning and operant conditioning occur, the organism acquires certain expectations. In classical conditioning, a child might fear a dog because they expect it to bite. In operant conditioning, a person might consistently work overtime because they expect a bonus...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Re-emergence of orientation coding in primate IT cortex and deep networks reveals functional hubs for visual processing.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026

Same author

Predictive acoustical processing in human cortical layers.

Nature communications·2026

Same author

Predictive Processing Over the Course of Aging: Multiple Timescales of Effective Connectivity.

The European journal of neuroscience·2026

Same author

Tonal Surprisal and Contextual Shifts Evoke Distinct Pupil Dilation During Dynamic Sound Sequences.

The European journal of neuroscience·2026

Same author

Task-Irrelevant Phase but not Contrast Variability Unlocks Generalization in Visual Perceptual Learning.

Journal of cognitive enhancement : towards the integration of theory and practice·2025

Same author

Predictive acoustical processing in human cortical layers.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

An Operant Intra-/Extra-dimensional Set-shift Task for Mice

An Operant Intra-/Extra-dimensional Set-shift Task for Mice

Published on: January 22, 2016

Dissociable dynamic effects of expectation during statistical learning.

Hannah H McDermott^1,2,3, Federico de Martino³, Caspar M Schwiedrzik^4,5,6

¹Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.

|March 3, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Brain predictions optimize behavior. Expectation suppression (ES) shows neural activity changes, with within-trial effects supporting opposing process theory (OPT) and across-trial effects suggesting distinct learning stages.

Keywords:

EEG MVPA expectation suppression human neuroscience prediction predictive processing

More Related Videos

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies

Published on: May 9, 2019

Measuring Statistical Learning Across Modalities and Domains in School-Aged Children Via an Online Platform and Neuroimaging Techniques

Measuring Statistical Learning Across Modalities and Domains in School-Aged Children Via an Online Platform and Neuroimaging Techniques

Published on: June 30, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 10, 2026

An Operant Intra-/Extra-dimensional Set-shift Task for Mice

An Operant Intra-/Extra-dimensional Set-shift Task for Mice

Published on: January 22, 2016

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies

Published on: May 9, 2019

Measuring Statistical Learning Across Modalities and Domains in School-Aged Children Via an Online Platform and Neuroimaging Techniques

Measuring Statistical Learning Across Modalities and Domains in School-Aged Children Via an Online Platform and Neuroimaging Techniques

Published on: June 30, 2020

Area of Science:

Cognitive Neuroscience
Computational Neuroscience
Neuroscience

Background:

The brain uses predictions from statistical regularities to optimize behavior.
Predictive processing explains expectation suppression (ES), but its neural mechanisms remain debated.
Sharpening, dampening, and opposing process theories (OPT) offer different explanations for ES dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the temporal dynamics of expectation effects on neural representations.
To test the opposing process theory (OPT) regarding expectation suppression.
To differentiate within-trial and across-trial effects of expectation on neural decoding.

Main Methods:

Utilized a statistical learning task with predictive image sequences.
Employed multivariate electroencephalography (EEG) to decode stimulus information.
Analyzed neural decoding accuracy at both single-trial and across-trial levels over time.

Main Results:

Within-trial analysis revealed early latency increases and later latency decreases in decoding accuracy, supporting OPT.
Across-trial analysis showed initial decreases followed by later increases in decoding accuracy.
Dissociable temporal dynamics were observed for within-trial and across-trial expectation effects.

Conclusions:

Within-trial neural dynamics align with the opposing process theory (OPT).
Across-trial dynamics suggest distinct stages of associative learning influence sharpening and dampening.
Hierarchical learning mechanisms may underlie the observed dissociable expectation effects.