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Sport-Specific Craniofacial Injury Risk Stratification in Squash, Badminton, and Tennis Using NEISS and ChatGPT: A
Kate Miller1, Savanah Sturm1, Kristen Dean1
1University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL.
The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery
|March 3, 2026
Summary
This study found that ChatGPT-4o offers accessible information on racquetball-related craniofacial injuries but has moderate reliability and low treatment quality. Further development is needed for safe clinical use of AI in injury prevention.
Area of Science:
- Medical Informatics
- Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare
- Sports Medicine
Background:
- Craniofacial injuries from racquetball sports are a persistent issue in the US.
- Existing national data lack age- and sport-specific management and prevention strategies.
Purpose of the Study:
- To evaluate ChatGPT-4o's capability in risk-stratifying patients with craniofacial injuries.
- To assess AI-generated preventive strategies for racquetball-related injuries.
Main Methods:
- Utilized the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) database.
- Assessed AI responses using DISCERN criteria, Flesch-Kincaid readability, and specificity ratings.
- Employed board-certified plastic surgeons and medical students for evaluation.
Main Results:
- ChatGPT-4o achieved a DISCERN score of 32.5/75, with moderate reliability (2.9/5) and low treatment quality (1.4/5).
- Readability was at an 11th-grade level, exceeding recommendations.
- Specificity was rated moderately high (3.9-4/5).
Conclusions:
- ChatGPT-4o provides structured information but requires cautious integration due to moderate reliability and low treatment quality.
- AI tools show potential for injury prevention and risk stratification but need careful development, validation, and adherence to regulations.
- Future AI in healthcare must prioritize safety, accuracy, HIPAA compliance, and unbiased information.
