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Current Advances in Paraptosis Inducer Development and Mechanistic Understanding for Anticancer Applications

Chen Shen1,2, Xiaoxiao Zhang1, Yawen Zhao1

  • 1College of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science & Technology, Shijiazhuang, China.

Drug Development Research
|March 3, 2026
PubMed

Insights

Paraptosis, a unique cell death form, involves ER/mitochondria swelling and vacuolation. Researchers are developing paraptosis inducers as a novel cancer therapy strategy.

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Paraptosis is an emerging programmed cell death (PCD) pathway.
  • It is morphologically distinct from apoptosis, autophagy, necrosis, and pyroptosis.
  • Characterized by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and/or mitochondrial dilation and cytoplasmic vacuolation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mechanisms of paraptosis.
  • To summarize recent advancements in developing paraptosis inducers for cancer therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of paraptosis mechanisms and inducers.
  • Analysis of natural products, synthetic compounds, and existing drugs as paraptosis inducers.
  • Examination of combination therapies involving paraptosis inducers.

Main Results:

  • Paraptosis can be induced by various agents including natural products, synthetic compounds, and anticancer drugs.
  • These inducers activate multiple pathways to trigger paraptosis in cancer cells.
  • Paraptosis inducers are increasingly used in combination with other therapeutic strategies.

Conclusions:

  • Paraptosis represents a promising alternative therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment.
  • Further research into paraptosis mechanisms and inducers could lead to novel cancer therapies.
Keywords:
cancer therapycytoplasmic vacuolationparaptosisprogrammed cell death

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