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Electrically active biomaterials for osteochondral tissue engineering: a review.

Şeymanur Berat Yeni1, Azime Erarslan1, Esma Ahlatcıoğlu Özerol1

  • 1Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey.

Journal of Biomaterials Science. Polymer Edition
|March 3, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Conductive materials enhance osteochondral tissue engineering by mimicking natural tissue properties. These smart scaffolds improve bone and cartilage regeneration through electrical and structural cues, offering new repair strategies.

Keywords:
Biomaterialsbonecartilageconductive materialsosteochondral tissue engineering

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Tissue Engineering

Background:

  • Osteochondral tissues have poor self-healing due to avascularity, complicating injury treatment.
  • Tissue engineering offers a promising approach using biomaterials, cells, and molecules for bone and cartilage regeneration.
  • Electrically conductive materials are gaining traction for their ability to mimic native tissue electromechanical properties and stimulate cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the potential of conductive materials in osteochondral tissue engineering.
  • To discuss the properties, fabrication, and biological effects of these materials.
  • To examine their integration into scaffolds and impact on cell behavior and tissue formation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on conductive materials for osteochondral tissue engineering.
  • Analysis of physicochemical properties, fabrication strategies, and biological effects.
  • Examination of scaffold integration, cell interactions, and regenerative outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Carbon-based materials (graphene, CNTs) enhance cell interactions and differentiation.
  • Metal/metal-oxide nanoparticles offer localized electrical stimulation for tissue integration.
  • Conductive polymers (PANI, PPy, PT, PEDOT:PSS) provide biocompatibility and tunable conductivity for scaffold design.

Conclusions:

  • Conductive materials offer electrical and structural cues for advanced composite scaffolds.
  • These materials represent a new generation of smart scaffolds for bone and cartilage repair.
  • They hold significant potential for developing clinically effective and durable osteochondral regeneration strategies.