Toward Real-Time Monitoring of Protein Biomarkers: Materials Innovations for Continuous Sensing.

Area of Science:

• Biomaterials Science
• Analytical Chemistry
• Biomedical Engineering

Background:

• Continuous monitoring of small molecules is established, but protein biomarker monitoring remains difficult due to protein complexity and low concentrations.
• Proteins provide critical disease information, and real-time monitoring could revolutionize disease understanding and early detection.
• Existing technologies for continuous protein detection are limited to controlled settings, with gaps in in vivo robustness and broad applicability.

Purpose of the Study:

• To provide a materials-focused perspective on emerging technologies for real-time protein monitoring.
• To highlight strategies advancing biosensor development for dynamic protein profiling.
• To bridge the gap between material science advancements and clinical needs for accessible protein monitors.

Main Methods:

• Overview of novel biorecognition elements for enhanced protein capture.
• Discussion of active regeneration strategies for sustained sensor performance.
• Exploration of improved transduction platforms and advanced materials for sensitivity and specificity.

Main Results:

• Emerging technologies leverage novel materials and strategies to overcome challenges in protein biomarker monitoring.
• Advancements focus on enhancing sensitivity, specificity, and robustness of biosensors.
• Progress is being made in developing sensors for real-time monitoring in complex biofluids.

Conclusions:

• Material science innovations are key to developing robust, in vivo biosensors for continuous protein monitoring.
• Further development is needed to create broadly applicable and long-term monitoring solutions.
• This perspective guides future biosensor development by connecting material science with clinical requirements.