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Monitoring Breast Cancer Growth and Metastatic Colony Formation in Mice using Bioluminescence
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Male Breast Cancer: Growing Insights and Continuing Challenges.

Sahar Iftikhar1, Elissa Burr1, Amal Freigoun1

  • 1School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK.

Cancer Medicine
|March 3, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Male breast cancer (BC) is increasing, yet awareness remains low. Stigma and misconceptions delay diagnosis, leading to later-stage detection and poorer outcomes for men.

Keywords:
breast cancerepidemiologymenstigma

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Men's Health
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Male breast cancer (BC) accounts for less than 1% of global diagnoses.
  • Incidence of male BC is rising, despite historical underrepresentation in research.
  • BC is often misperceived as exclusively a female disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the manifestation of BC in men.
  • To explore the influence of stigma and awareness on male BC diagnosis and prognosis.

Main Methods:

  • A narrative review of current literature was conducted.
  • Included epidemiological, clinical, and psychosocial studies on male BC.

Main Results:

  • Male BC shares features with female BC but differs in presentation and tumor biology.
  • Men often present with later-stage disease due to low awareness and stigma.
  • Delayed diagnosis is linked to misconceptions and limited targeted education.

Conclusions:

  • Early detection and awareness of male BC remain significant challenges.
  • Gendered perceptions of BC discourage timely medical consultation.
  • Improving outcomes requires addressing stigma, enhancing education, and promoting inclusive research.