[Research progress on marine ecological disasters and disaster prevention and mitigation]

Ecological disasters pose severe threats to marine ecosystems and the marine economy, and therefore disaster prevention and mitigation efforts are critically important. We reviewed the occurrence, impacts, and related research progress in disaster prevention and mitigation of marine ecological disasters, including harmful algal blooms, jellyfish blooms, starfish blooms, marine biofouling, and marine biological invasions. Marine ecological disasters exhibit diverse types, where the occurrence of one type may trigger others and even lead to the emergence of new disaster-causing organisms. In the face of complex marine ecological environmental changes, monitoring, early warning, and prevention technologies for marine ecological disasters must evolve with the times. The fundamental principles of "prevention first, combining prevention and control, rational utilization, and effective management" are essential for effectively preventing and mitigating marine ecological disasters. To minimize disaster losses, future efforts should focus on strengthening researches into the interrelated mechanisms of marine ecological disasters, monitoring and early warning systems, effective prevention and control technologies, and the resource utilization of disaster-causing organisms.