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Formation of Complex Ions03:45

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A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
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The Debye–Hückel Theory of Electrolyte Solutions01:27

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The Debye–Hückel theory, established by Peter Debye and Erich Hückel in 1923, is a fundamental concept in physical chemistry. It provides an understanding of the behavior of strong electrolytes in solution, particularly explaining their deviations from ideal behavior.The theory is based on Coulombic interactions (the attraction or repulsion between charged particles) between ions in solution. In an ionic solution, oppositely charged ions tend to attract each other. This means...
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Sulfides are the sulfur analog of ethers, just as thiols are the sulfur analog of alcohol. Like ethers, sulfides also consist of two hydrocarbon groups bonded to the central sulfur atom. Depending upon the type of groups present, sulfides can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Symmetrical sulfides can be prepared via an SN2 reaction between 2 equivalents of an alkyl halide and one equivalent of sodium sulfide.
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When a substance such as sodium chloride is added to water, it dissolves, forming an aqueous solution. The extent of dissolution is called solubility. The process of dissolution can exist in equilibrium, just like other chemical processes. Solubility equilibria are also called precipitation equilibria because the process of solubility can be reversible. The reverse of the solubility process is called precipitation.
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The process of surrounding a solute with solvent is called solvation. It involves evenly distributing the solute within the solvent. The rule of thumb for determining a solvent for a given compound is that like dissolves like. A good solvent has molecular characteristics similar to those of the compound to be dissolved. For example, polar solutions dissolve polar solutes, and apolar solvents dissolve apolar solutes. A polar solvent is a solvent that has a high dielectric constant (ϵ...
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Updated: Mar 6, 2026

Extending the Lifespan of Soluble Lead Flow Batteries with a Sodium Acetate Additive
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Regulating Solvating Configuration to Achieve Long-Cycle-Life in Sodium-SPAN Batteries.

Xiangyu Fan1, Zihao Zhong1, Xujing Sun1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, P. R. China.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|March 4, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a new electrolyte for sodium-sulfur polyacrylonitrile (SPAN) batteries. This innovation enhances stability, enabling long-lasting, high-performance energy storage at room temperature.

Keywords:
electrode/electrolyte interphaselong‐cycle‐liferoom‐temperature sodium–sulfur batteriessolvating configurationtridentate coordination

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Room-temperature sodium-sulfur polyacrylonitrile (SPAN) batteries offer high energy density, low cost, and safety.
  • Dendrite growth and polysulfide shuttling limit the practical application of Na-SPAN batteries.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design an electrolyte that suppresses dendrite growth and polysulfide shuttling in Na-SPAN batteries.
  • To enhance the stability and cycle life of room-temperature Na-SPAN batteries.

Main Methods:

  • Regulated the solvation configuration of sodium ions and diglyme using solvation strategies to achieve a tridentate coordination structure.
  • Investigated the effect of the tridentate solvation structure on sodium polysulfide dissolution and the sodium anode interface.

Main Results:

  • The tridentate solvation structure effectively reduced sodium polysulfide dissolution.
  • Promoted the formation of a stable inorganic electrolyte interface on the Na anode.
  • Achieved high capacity retention (97.46% after 1138 cycles) at room temperature and excellent performance at elevated temperatures (94.7% after 445 cycles at 50°C).

Conclusions:

  • The designed electrolyte principle enables low-cost, long-cycle-life room-temperature Na-SPAN batteries.
  • The tridentate solvation strategy is a viable approach for improving the performance of sodium-based batteries.