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Hearing

Hearing

When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.

The Cochlea

The Cochlea

The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.

Sound Waves: Interference

Sound Waves: Interference

Sound waves can be modeled either as longitudinal waves, wherein the molecules of the medium oscillate around an equilibrium position, or as pressure waves. When two identical waves from the same source superimpose on each other, the combination of two crests or two troughs results in amplitude reinforcement known as constructive interference. If two identical waves, that are initially in phase, become out of phase because of different path lengths, the combination of crests with troughs...

Parallel Resonance

Parallel Resonance

The parallel RLC circuit is an arrangement where the resistor (R), inductor (L), and capacitor (C) are all connected to the same nodes and, as a result, share the same voltage across them. The parallel RLC circuit is analyzed in terms of admittance (Y), which reflects the ease with which current can flow. The admittance is given by:

Passive Filters

Passive Filters

Passive filters are utilized to shape the frequency spectrum of signals across a diverse array of applications. These filters, using only passive elements like resistors (R), inductors (L), and capacitors (C), are capable of selectively allowing or blocking certain frequency ranges without the need for external power sources.
Low-Pass Filters
Low-pass filters are designed to transmit signals with frequencies lower than the cutoff frequency, ωc, and attenuate those above it. The cutoff frequency...

Mechanical Systems

Mechanical Systems

Mechanical systems are analogous to to electrical networks where springs and masses play similar roles to inductors and capacitors, respectively. A viscous damper in mechanical systems functions similarly to a resistor in electrical networks, dissipating energy. The forces acting on a mass in such systems include an applied force in the direction of motion, counteracted by forces from the spring, a viscous damper, and the mass's acceleration. This interplay of forces is mathematically described...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Trans-Tympanic Drug Delivery for the Treatment of Ototoxicity

Trans-Tympanic Drug Delivery for the Treatment of Ototoxicity

Published on: March 16, 2018

Multifunctional Self-Assembling Peptide System for Preventing Noise-Induced Hearing Loss.

Jiawen Li¹, Zhuowen Hao², Fangzi Ke¹

¹Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)

|March 4, 2026

Summary

Researchers developed a novel multifunctional self-assembling peptide (NPR36) to prevent noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL). This single-peptide system integrates multiple functions, enhancing therapeutic effects and overcoming challenges in treating inner ear disorders.

Keywords:

drug delivery hearing loss microalgae multifunctional self‐assembling peptides nanofibers

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Last Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Trans-Tympanic Drug Delivery for the Treatment of Ototoxicity

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Published on: March 16, 2018

Cochlear Surface Preparation in the Adult Mouse

Cochlear Surface Preparation in the Adult Mouse

Published on: November 6, 2019

Modified Experimental Conditions for Noise-Induced Hearing Loss in Mice and Assessment of Hearing Function and Outer Hair Cell Damage

Modified Experimental Conditions for Noise-Induced Hearing Loss in Mice and Assessment of Hearing Function and Outer Hair Cell Damage

Published on: February 10, 2023

Area of Science:

Biomaterials Science
Regenerative Medicine
Otolaryngology

Background:

Single-function self-assembling peptides are insufficient for complex diseases like noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL).
Conventional methods for multifunctional peptides involve co-assembly, risking efficacy loss due to concentration imbalances.

Purpose of the Study:

To design a single, multifunctional self-assembling peptide (NPR36) for preventing NIHL.
To integrate multiple therapeutic functions into one peptide for enhanced efficacy and simplified administration.

Main Methods:

Conjugating hormone-derived peptides with extended basic self-assembling peptides to create NPR36.
Utilizing solid-phase synthesis for peptide preparation.
Forming a fiber-microalgae complex with NPR36 and Spirulina platensis for synergistic effects.

Main Results:

NPR36 self-assembling peptides formed nanofibers, enabling sustained release and maintaining therapeutic concentrations.
The NPR36-microalgae complex demonstrated synergistic antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects.
Significant reduction in hair cell loss and restoration of hearing were observed.

Conclusions:

Monolithic integration of functions into NPR36 enhances therapeutic effects and overcomes limitations of co-assembly methods.
The NPR36-microalgae system offers a promising strategy for preventing NIHL.
Multifunctional self-assembling peptides present a viable approach for clinical translation in preventing inner ear disorders.