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Shoulder Kinematic and Muscle Activity Compensations to Scapular Stabilizer Weakness: An Optimal Control Framework.

Matthew S Russell1, Daanish M Mulla1,2, Peter J Keir2

  • 1School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada.

Annals of Biomedical Engineering
|March 4, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study used computational models to explore how shoulder muscles compensate for weakness. Serratus anterior weakness caused the most significant changes in shoulder movement and muscle activity.

Keywords:
Computer simulationKinematicsMuscle fatigueUpper limb

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Neuromuscular Control
  • Computational Modeling

Background:

  • Shoulder kinematics exhibit high variability due to muscular redundancy, complicating the study of neuromuscular control.
  • Understanding compensation mechanisms for muscle weakness or fatigue is crucial for rehabilitation and performance.
  • Optimal control formulations offer advanced tools for investigating computational musculoskeletal models.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine potential neuromuscular control strategies for compensating for isolated shoulder muscle weakness.
  • To utilize optimal control methods to predict kinematic changes resulting from muscle weakness.
  • To investigate the compensatory roles of shoulder muscles under varying force-generating capacities.

Main Methods:

  • A computational shoulder model with independent clavicular, scapular, and humeral kinematics and 138 muscle elements was employed.
  • Optimal control predictions of thoracohumeral elevation were validated against empirical data.
  • The force-generating capacity of key shoulder muscles (trapezius, serratus anterior) was individually reduced to simulate weakness.

Main Results:

  • Model predictions showed good agreement with empirical scapulothoracic kinematics.
  • Serratus anterior weakness led to the most substantial changes in scapulothoracic kinematics and compensatory muscle activity.
  • Fatigue-mediated kinematic changes were most pronounced during sagittal plane elevation.

Conclusions:

  • Optimal control simulations identified potential compensation strategies for shoulder muscle weakness.
  • Scapular plane elevation demonstrated reduced trapezius coactivity, potentially isolating serratus anterior function.
  • Frontal plane tasks may involve more balanced coactivation of shoulder muscles compared to scapular plane tasks.