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Related Concept Videos

Preparation of Alkynes: Alkylation Reaction02:27

Preparation of Alkynes: Alkylation Reaction

12.5K
Introduction
Alkylation of terminal alkynes with primary alkyl halides in the presence of a strong base like sodium amide is one of the common methods for the synthesis of longer carbon-chain alkynes. For example, treatment of 1-propyne with sodium amide followed by reaction with ethyl bromide yields 2-pentyne.
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Ethers to Alkyl Halides: Acidic Cleavage02:18

Ethers to Alkyl Halides: Acidic Cleavage

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Ethers are generally unreactive and unsuitable for direct nucleophilic substitution reactions since the alkoxy groups are strong bases and, therefore, poor leaving groups. However, ethers readily undergo acidic-cleavage reactions. Ethers can be converted to alkyl halides when heated with strong acids such as HBr and HI in a sequence of two substitution reactions.
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Preparation of Amines: Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines01:30

Preparation of Amines: Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines

4.9K
Alkylation is one of the methods used to prepare amines. Direct alkylation of ammonia or a primary amine with an alkyl halide gives polyalkylated amines along with a quaternary ammonium salt through successive SN2 reactions. This process of making the quaternary salt through the direct alkylation method is called exhaustive alkylation.
Each alkylation step makes the nitrogen center more nucleophilic, which triggers successive alkylations until a quaternary ammonium salt is formed. Considering...
4.9K
E2 Reaction: Kinetics and Mechanism02:45

E2 Reaction: Kinetics and Mechanism

12.9K
SN2 substitutions and E2 eliminations of alkyl halides proceed via a concerted pathway. While the nucleophile attacks the alpha carbon in SN2 reactions, it functions as a strong base and abstracts a beta hydrogen in the E2 mechanism. The rate-limiting transition state in E2 elimination reactions is characterized by partially broken carbon–hydrogen and carbon–halogen bonds and a partially formed pi bond between the alpha and beta carbons. The beta hydrogen and halide are eliminated...
12.9K
Carboxylic Acids to Methylesters: Alkylation using Diazomethane01:33

Carboxylic Acids to Methylesters: Alkylation using Diazomethane

3.1K
Carboxylic acids react with diazomethane in an ether solvent via alkylation at the carboxylate oxygen atom to give methyl esters of the corresponding acid with excellent yields.
3.1K
Alkylation of β-Ketoester Enolates: Acetoacetic Ester Synthesis01:07

Alkylation of β-Ketoester Enolates: Acetoacetic Ester Synthesis

4.7K
Acetoacetic ester synthesis is a method to obtain ketones from alkyl halides and β-keto esters. The reaction occurs in the presence of an alkoxide base that abstracts the acidic proton of the β-keto esters. The step results in an enolate ion which is doubly stabilized. The enolate then reacts with an alkyl halide via the SN2 process to produce an alkylated ester intermediate with a new C–C bond. The hydrolysis of the intermediate, followed by acidification, results in an...
4.7K

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Updated: Mar 6, 2026

Facile Preparation of 2Z,4E-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate
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Facile Preparation of 2Z,4E-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate

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Cleavage Alkylation Coupling with Versatile Amide-Based Eutectic Catalytic Systems.

Jisheng Yu1, Di Zhu2, Jianguo Zhuang1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and Low-Carbon Technology, Engineering Research Center of Large-Scale Reactor Engineering and Technology (Ministry of Education), East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|March 4, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Amide-based eutectic solvents efficiently convert polyolefin waste into liquid alkanes. This catalytic system enables tunable production of gasoline and aviation kerosene from plastic waste.

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Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of 1,6-Ketoesters Mediated by Ionic Liquids: A Three-component Reaction Enabling Rapid Access to a New Class of Low Molecular Weight Gelators
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Area of Science:

  • Catalysis
  • Materials Science
  • Green Chemistry

Background:

  • Polyolefin waste poses a significant environmental challenge.
  • Efficient conversion of plastic waste into valuable fuels is crucial for sustainability.
  • Existing catalytic systems often lack selectivity and efficiency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel catalytic system for polyolefin waste conversion.
  • To investigate the mechanism of cracking-alkylation using amide-based eutectic solvents.
  • To achieve tunable selectivity for gasoline and aviation kerosene production.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized amide-based eutectic solvents (ESs) with aluminum chloride (AlCl3).
  • Employed coupled cracking-alkylation reactions with polyolefin waste.
  • Validated catalytic activity and species diversity using chemical trapping, multinuclear NMR, and operando IR spectroscopy.
  • Performed ab initio molecular dynamics simulations for mechanistic insights.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated high-efficiency conversion of polyethylene into liquid alkanes.
  • Established a quantitative correlation between aluminum species diversity and carbocation concentration.
  • Achieved tunable selectivity towards light gasoline (C4-C10) or aviation kerosene (C7-C18).
  • Confirmed that kerosene-range hydrocarbons are derived from polyethylene fragments and iC5= alkylation.

Conclusions:

  • Amide-based eutectic solvents offer a versatile and efficient catalytic system for plastic waste valorization.
  • The catalytic system's efficiency is attributed to diverse molecular and ionic active species.
  • This strategy provides a pathway for selective production of premium-grade fuels from polyolefin waste.