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Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Graphene Coatings for Biomedical Implants
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Engineered surfaces for biomedical implants: advances in coatings, materials, and techniques.

Muhammad Usama Usama Zaheer1,2,3, Muhammad Hassan Hassan Razzaq1,2,3, Emerson Coy4

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institute for Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Gazi University, Ankara 06570, Türkiye.

Progress in Biomedical Engineering (Bristol, England)
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PubMed
Summary

Advanced coatings enhance biomedical implant longevity by improving biocompatibility and resistance to wear and infection. Nanostructured and multifunctional surface modifications show promise for accelerating healing and reducing complications.

Keywords:
additive manufacturingbiomedical bone implantsosseointegrationsurface treatmentsthin films coatings

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Surface Engineering
  • Orthopedic and Dental Implantology

Background:

  • Biomedical implant success hinges on surface properties, necessitating coatings for biocompatibility, mechanical strength, and infection resistance.
  • Current research focuses on optimizing coatings for orthopedic and dental applications to improve implant performance and longevity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and analyze state-of-the-art coatings for biomedical implants.
  • To correlate material selection and deposition techniques with in vitro performance for enhanced osseointegration, bacterial control, and durability.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of bioinert (TiN, DLC), bioactive (hydroxyapatite, bioactive glass), and antibacterial (silver, zinc oxide, graphene) coatings.
  • Evaluation of deposition methods including plasma spraying, pulsed laser deposition, atomic layer deposition, and plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition.
  • Assessment of coating effects on osseointegration, bacterial adhesion, corrosion resistance, and tribocorrosion.

Main Results:

  • Nanostructured and multifunctional coatings accelerate osteogenic responses.
  • Modified hydroxyapatite enhances bonding and antibacterial properties.
  • Atomic layer deposition yields conformal films improving corrosion resistance without cytotoxicity.
  • Multilayer coatings mitigate tribocorrosion under cyclic loading.

Conclusions:

  • Advanced coatings, particularly nanostructured, multifunctional, and hybrid systems, significantly improve implant performance.
  • Challenges remain in long-term stability, uniform coverage on complex geometries, and cost-effective scaling.
  • Future directions include stimuli-responsive and drug-eluting coatings for enhanced integration and infection prevention.