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Updated: Mar 6, 2026

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Published on: December 12, 2025
Spatially varying source contributions to ambient consumed VOCs driven by sea-land breeze recirculation in a coastal
Yan Han1, Zhongwei Luo2, Baoshuang Liu3
1Research Center for Atmospheric Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China.
Abstract:
Mitigating ozone (O3) and secondary organic aerosol pollution in coastal cities requires understanding how sea-land breezes modulate volatile organic compounds (VOCs) transformation. Hourly VOC measurements were conducted during summer 2024 in the northern coastal city of Qingdao, China. Source apportionments of consumed VOCs under varying sea-land breeze conditions were systematically investigated. Results showed that sea breezes transported relatively clean air but also facilitated the recirculation of land-based pollutants, leading to distinct source-specific loss patterns. Consumed VOCs were primarily attributed to petrochemical industry (40.5 %) and biogenic emissions (30.6 %), whose contributions were substantially enhanced under sea breezes. Under land breezes, vehicle emissions, gasoline evaporation, liquefied petroleum gas usage, and natural gas usage exhibited pronounced diel peaks linked to terrestrial activities such as traffic and residential's cooking, while solvent usage was more directly influenced by land-based emissions. However, sea breezes led to relatively stable contributions from vehicle-related sources, a mixed influence on solvent usage from both direct and recirculated emissions, and intermittently higher combustion contributions likely associated with maritime shipping. These findings underscore the critical role of sea-land breeze dynamics and source-specific reactivity in shaping VOCs consumption and O3 formation, providing important implications for targeted VOCs and O3 control strategies in coastal cities.
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