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Active Mechanics Governs Three-Dimensional Cell-in-Cell Formation.

Zhong-Yi Li1,2,3,4, Bo Li1,2,3

  • 1Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Applied Mechanics Laboratory Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.

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|March 4, 2026
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study reveals the physical forces driving cell-in-cell structures, like cannibalism and entosis. Understanding these dynamics is key for tissue development and cancer progression research.

Keywords:
active mattercell morphologycell-in-cell structuresubcellular dynamicstopological defect

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Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Cell Biology
  • Cancer Research

Background:

  • Cell-in-cell structures, including cannibalism and entosis, are crucial in tissue development and cancer.
  • The physical principles governing their formation are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To decipher the physical principles behind three-dimensional (3D) cell-in-cell formation.
  • To investigate the cooperation between different cell-in-cell mechanisms.
  • To explore the role of cellular mechanics in these processes.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical modeling of cell-cell interactions.
  • Analysis of cytoskeleton dynamics.
  • Investigation of mechanical properties like stiffness mismatch.

Main Results:

  • Engulfing cells exhibit material flow or solid-like deformation based on cytoskeleton.
  • Invading cells form 3D vortex-like topological defects for internalization.
  • Stiffness mismatch significantly impacts cell-in-cell formation and cell escape.
  • Predicted formation of contractile multimolecular rings at the interface.

Conclusions:

  • Provides a multiscale physical framework for understanding cell-in-cell dynamics.
  • Highlights the importance of physical forces and cellular mechanics in biological processes.
  • Offers insights into potential therapeutic targets for cancer progression.