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Related Concept Videos

Mitochondrial Membranes01:45

Mitochondrial Membranes

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A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...
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Mitochondria01:37

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Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...
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Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
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Animal Mitochondrial Genetics02:59

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Among all the organelles in an animal cell, only mitochondria have their own independent genomes. Animal mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded, closed-circular molecule with around 20,000 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that one of its two strands, the heavy, or H, -strand is guanine rich, whereas the complementary strand is cytosine rich and called the light, or L, -strand. Compared to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has a very low percentage of non-coding regions and is marked by...
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The inner mitochondrial membrane is the primary site of ATP synthesis. The inner membrane domain that forms a smooth layer adjacent to the outer membrane is called the inner boundary membrane. This domain contains membrane transporters that drive metabolites in and out of the mitochondria.  In contrast, the inner membrane network that invaginates into the matrix space is called the cristae membrane. This domain accounts for principle mitochondrial function as it accommodates the protein...
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Analysis of Brain Mitochondria Using Serial Block-Face Scanning Electron Microscopy
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Mitochondrial dynamics in neurodevelopment and neurodevelopmental disorders.

Carissa L Sirois1, Jiyoun Lee1,2, Audrey L Chambers1,3

  • 1Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.

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Mitochondrial dynamics, crucial for brain development, are implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) like autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Understanding these processes may reveal new therapeutic targets for NDDs.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Mitochondrial deficits are observed in neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), including autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
  • The regulation of mitochondria during brain development and their specific contribution to NDDs are not fully understood.
  • Current research often emphasizes metabolic dysfunction over the role of mitochondrial dynamics in NDDs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in the mechanisms regulating mitochondrial dynamics during brain development.
  • To discuss how genetic and epigenetic alterations affecting mitochondrial dynamics contribute to NDDs.
  • To explore mitochondrial dynamics as a potential therapeutic target for NDDs.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on mitochondrial dynamics in brain development and NDDs.
  • Synthesis of current understanding of mitochondrial regulation, including generation, degradation, fusion, fission, and transport.
  • Analysis of genetic and epigenetic factors influencing mitochondrial dynamics in the context of NDDs.

Main Results:

  • Mitochondrial dynamics (fusion, fission, transport) are essential for proper brain development.
  • Dysregulation of mitochondrial dynamics, influenced by genetic and epigenetic factors, is linked to NDDs.
  • Focusing on mitochondrial dynamics offers a novel perspective beyond metabolic consequences.

Conclusions:

  • Mitochondrial dynamics play a critical role in neurodevelopment and are implicated in NDDs.
  • Further research into the mechanisms of mitochondrial dynamics can illuminate NDD pathogenesis.
  • Targeting mitochondrial dynamics presents a promising avenue for future NDD therapies.