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Flow Cytometry

Flow Cytometry

The development of flow cytometry techniques began in 1934 with initial attempts by Andrew Moldavan, a bacteriologist who counted the cells in a flowing capillary system. Moldavan pumped cells through a capillary tube focused under a microscope for visualization. The invention of photometry allowed the measurement of differentially-stained cells, and Louis Kamentsky developed the first multiparameter flow cytometer in 1965 to identify and count the cancer cells in cervical tissue specimens.
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Relationship Between Blood Immune Cell Composition and COVID-19 Susceptibility and Post-Infection Sequelae Using

Ren Xu¹, Xiao Xiao¹, Xiuyan Jin¹

¹School of Physics, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, China.

Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan : JCPSP

|March 4, 2026

Summary

COVID-19 infection and sequelae are linked to altered blood immune cell counts, particularly lymphocytes and T cells. Understanding these changes offers insights into immune responses and recovery post-infection.

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Area of Science:

Immunology
Virology
Medical Science

Background:

COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, presents a significant global health challenge.
Understanding the immune system's role in COVID-19 susceptibility and the development of long-term sequelae is crucial.
Blood immune cell profiles may offer insights into disease mechanisms and recovery.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the immune mechanisms associated with COVID-19 susceptibility.
To explore immune cell alterations in individuals who have recovered from COVID-19, particularly those experiencing sequelae.
To compare immune cell populations between infected, recovered, and uninfected individuals.

Main Methods:

A cross-sectional observational study involving 71 participants (56 recovered COVID-19, 15 uninfected).
Immunophenotypic analysis of peripheral blood lymphocytes (B, T, NK cells) using full-spectrum flow cytometry.
Comparison of immune cell populations using traditional gating and unsupervised algorithms, with statistical analysis (chi-square, t-test, Mann-Whitney U).

Main Results:

Recovered individuals, especially those with sequelae, showed significantly higher counts of lymphocytes, T cells (including CD8+, CD4+CD28+, CD4+CD38+, CD8+CD28+, CD8+CD38+, CD69+, Tregs), and NKT cells.
A significant decrease in CD38+NKT cells was observed in recovered individuals.
Upregulation of various T cell subsets and CD38+NKT cells was noted in patients with sequelae.

Conclusions:

Lymphocyte subgroup counts are significantly associated with COVID-19 infection and the presence of post-infection sequelae.
These findings contribute to understanding the immune response during and after COVID-19 infection.
The study highlights potential immune markers for monitoring recovery and predicting sequelae.