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Approach to the Patient With Traumatic Brain Injury-induced Pituitary Dysfunction.

Fahrettin Kelestimur1, Amar Agha2, Adriana G Ioachimescu3,4

  • 1Department of Endocrinology, Yeditepe University, Medical School, 34718 İstanbul, Turkey.

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
|March 5, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can cause hypopituitarism in about 15% of cases. Early screening is crucial for complicated mild, moderate, and severe TBI patients to ensure timely diagnosis and treatment.

Keywords:
growth hormone deficiencyhypopituitarismpituitarysports-related head traumatraumatic brain injury

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroendocrinology
  • Public Health
  • Trauma Surgery

Background:

  • Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant global health issue.
  • TBI is increasingly recognized as a cause of hypopituitarism (pituitary hormone deficiency).
  • Common TBI causes include accidents, falls, violence, sports, and war injuries.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the prevalence and diagnostic challenges of TBI-induced hypopituitarism.
  • To discuss the potential for recovery and worsening of pituitary function post-TBI.
  • To propose screening strategies for identifying at-risk TBI patients.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current evidence on TBI and hypopituitarism.
  • Analysis of diagnostic delays due to nonspecific symptoms.
  • Identification of predictive factors for developing hypopituitarism.

Main Results:

  • Approximately 15% of TBI patients develop hypopituitarism, with growth hormone deficiency being most common.
  • Diagnosis is often delayed due to nonspecific and varied clinical presentations.
  • Pituitary hormone deficiencies can fluctuate, improving or worsening over time.

Conclusions:

  • Prospective pituitary function screening is recommended for complicated mild, moderate, and severe TBI.
  • Predictive factors like acute hormone deficiencies, imaging, genetics, age, and gender aid screening strategy development.
  • Increased medical awareness can lead to earlier diagnosis and treatment of TBI-induced hypopituitarism.