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Related Concept Videos

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Inositol-requiring kinase one or IRE1 is the most conserved eukaryotic unfolded protein response (UPR) receptor. It is a type I transmembrane protein kinase receptor with a distinctive site-specific RNase activity. As the binding mechanics of the misfolded proteins with the N-terminal domain of IRE-1 are unclear, three binding models — direct, indirect, and allosteric -- are proposed for receptor activation. Nevertheless, it is known that once a misfolded protein associates with IRE1, it...
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Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is characterized by functional disturbances in the gastrointestinal system, presenting a cluster of symptoms without evident structural or biochemical abnormalities. It primarily affects the large intestine and may cause abdominal pain, bloating, excessive gas, diarrhea, constipation, or both.
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Chronic Bowel Disorders: Introduction01:17

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Chronic bowel diseases are a group of long-term conditions affecting the digestive tract, characterized by inflammation and damage to the gut lining. These conditions primarily include irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease.
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Export of Misfolded Proteins out of the ER01:32

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After folding, the ER assesses the quality of secretory and membrane proteins. The correctly folded proteins are cleared by the calnexin cycle for transport to their final destination, while misfolded proteins are held back in the ER lumen. The ER chaperones attempt to unfold and refold the misfolded proteins but sometimes fail to achieve the correct native conformation. Such terminally misfolded proteins are then exported to the cytosol by ER-associated degradation or ERAD pathway for...
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Updated: Mar 6, 2026

Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay EMSA for the Study of RNA-Protein Interactions: The IRE/IRP Example
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Immune-related enteropathy.

Kimberley Butler1, Hugo A Penny1,2, Foong Way David Tai1,2

  • 1Academic Unit of Gastroenterology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals.

Current Opinion in Gastroenterology
|March 5, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Immune-related enteropathies (IREs) are complex small bowel disorders with overlapping symptoms. Recent advances improve diagnosis and management, but early recognition is key to prevent complications.

Keywords:
immune-mediated enteropathyimmune-related enteropathysmall bowel

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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Immunology
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Immune-related enteropathies (IREs) encompass diverse disorders of immune-mediated small bowel injury.
  • Coeliac disease is the most frequent cause, but endoscopy reveals rarer IREs.
  • Diagnosis and management of IREs present significant challenges due to overlapping features.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in the diagnosis, classification, and management of immune-related enteropathies.
  • To highlight diagnostic challenges and therapeutic strategies for IREs.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent advances in IRE diagnosis, classification, and management.
  • Analysis of diagnostic overlaps, serological approaches, and emerging therapies.

Main Results:

  • Significant overlap exists between various IREs, including coeliac disease, autoimmune enteropathy, and drug-induced enteropathies.
  • A no-biopsy approach is supported for selected coeliac disease patients.
  • Refractory coeliac disease type II is identified as a precursor to enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma (EATL).
  • Olmesartan-associated enteropathy is increasingly recognized.
  • Novel therapies like cladribine, JAK inhibitors, and biologics show promise in refractory cases.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate diagnosis of IREs requires integrating clinical, serological, and histopathological data.
  • Early recognition and tailored management are crucial for preventing long-term complications of IREs.