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Lymphoid Cells and Tissues

Lymphoid Cells and Tissues

Lymphoid cells and tissues are integral to the immune system, which is crucial in maintaining our body's defense against harmful pathogens. They form the building blocks of lymphoid organs, which include the spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes.
Lymphoid cells consist of various types of immune system cells. These include B and T lymphocytes, which are responsible for producing antibodies and killing infected cells, respectively. Dendritic cells act as messengers between the innate and adaptive...

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3-D Cell Culture System for Studying Invasion and Evaluating Therapeutics in Bladder Cancer

3-D Cell Culture System for Studying Invasion and Evaluating Therapeutics in Bladder Cancer

Published on: September 13, 2018

Prognostic Significance of Tertiary Lymphoid Structure-Like Lymphocyte Aggregates in Routine Histopathological

Takeshi Sano¹, Chisato Ohe^1,2, Yusuke Motoki¹

¹Department of Urology and Andrology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata-shi, Osaka, Japan.

International Journal of Urology : Official Journal of the Japanese Urological Association

|March 5, 2026

Summary

The presence of tertiary lymphoid structure (TLS)-like lymphocyte aggregates in bladder cancer radical cystectomy (RC) specimens indicates better survival outcomes. These TLSs are a significant independent prognostic factor for non-urinary tract recurrence-free survival (NUTRFS).

Keywords:

cystectomy tertiary lymphoid structure treatment outcome tumor immune microenvironment urinary bladder neoplasms

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Published on: December 28, 2021

Area of Science:

Oncology
Immunology
Pathology

Background:

Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) are transient immune aggregates that can form in various pathological conditions, including cancer.
The role of TLSs in bladder cancer and their impact on patient survival following radical cystectomy (RC) is an area of ongoing investigation.
Identifying prognostic biomarkers in RC specimens is crucial for predicting patient outcomes in urothelial carcinoma.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the association between TLS-like lymphocyte aggregates in radical cystectomy (RC) specimens and survival outcomes in bladder cancer patients.
To determine if the presence of TLSs is an independent prognostic factor for recurrence-free survival after RC.

Main Methods:

Retrospective analysis of 110 patients who underwent RC for urothelial carcinoma.
Evaluation of hematoxylin and eosin-stained RC slides for the presence of TLS-like lymphocyte aggregates.
Immunohistochemical staining (CD4, CD8, CD20) was performed on selected specimens to confirm TLS characteristics.
Survival outcomes, including overall survival, cancer-specific survival, and non-urinary tract recurrence-free survival (NUTRFS), were compared between groups.

Main Results:

TLS-like lymphocyte aggregates were identified in 59.1% of the 110 patients.
Patients with TLS-like lymphocyte aggregates demonstrated significantly better overall survival, cancer-specific survival, and NUTRFS compared to those without.
The presence of TLSs was an independent and significant prognostic factor for NUTRFS in both univariable and multivariable analyses (HR 0.25).

Conclusions:

The presence of TLS-like lymphocyte aggregates in RC specimens is a favorable prognostic indicator for bladder cancer patients.
TLSs, identifiable on routine hematoxylin and eosin staining, may serve as a valuable predictive biomarker for survival outcomes after radical cystectomy.
Further research can explore therapeutic strategies targeting TLSs to improve bladder cancer treatment.