Momentum Flow Mechanisms and Color-Lorentz Forces on Quarks in the Nucleon

Area of Science:

• Nuclear Physics
• Quantum Chromodynamics
• Particle Physics

Background:

• Understanding momentum conservation within nucleons is crucial for nuclear physics.
• The nucleon's internal structure involves complex interactions between quarks and gluons.

Purpose of the Study:

• To examine momentum conservation in the nucleon using the concept of momentum flow.
• To investigate the contributions of kinetic motion and interacting forces (quarks and gluons) to momentum flow.

Main Methods:

• Analysis of momentum current density (momentum flow).
• Utilizing state-of-the-art lattice calculations.
• Incorporating experimental fits on quantum chromodynamics energy-momentum tensor form factors.

Main Results:

• Quarks contribute to momentum flow via kinetic motion; gluons contribute via interactions (anomaly) and both effects (stress tensor).
• Quark momentum flow reveals color-Lorentz forces, originating from the gluon tensor and anomaly.
• The gluon anomaly generates an attractive force comparable to heavy-quark confinement potentials.

Conclusions:

• Momentum conservation in nucleons is intricately linked to the interplay of quark and gluon dynamics.
• The gluon anomaly plays a significant role in nucleon structure, exerting forces similar to confinement.
• Lattice QCD calculations and experimental data provide detailed insights into nucleon momentum flow and forces.