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Preserving Microstructure Enhances Cohesion and Mechanical Performance in Spirulina-Based 3D-Printed Biomaterials.

Amelia Burns1, Israel Kellersztein2, Chiara Daraio2

  • 1Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, California 91125, United States.

ACS Applied Engineering Materials
|March 5, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Preserving the structure of Spirulina platensis algae enhances the mechanical properties of 3D-printed biomaterials. Intact Spirulina trichomes improve bioink viscosity, printability, and the final material

Keywords:
3D printingSpirulinabiocompositesmicroalgaemicrostructureprocessingsustainable materials

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Algal Biotechnology
  • Sustainable Materials

Background:

  • Spirulina platensis offers a renewable source for structural materials.
  • Its helical microstructure is key, but its role in mechanical performance is understudied.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how Spirulina's cellular structure (intact vs. disrupted) affects 3D-printed biomaterial properties.
  • To compare trichome and lysed cell biocomposites using hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC).

Main Methods:

  • Developed two bioinks: trichome biocomposites and lysed biocomposites.
  • Utilized freeze-dried trichomes and thermally lysed cells with HEC binder.
  • Analyzed cohesion, rheology, mechanical behavior, and dehydration effects.

Main Results:

  • Trichome biocomposites showed higher viscosity, printability, and yield stress despite weaker molecular interactions.
  • Intact cell walls provided physical interlocking and structural integrity.
  • Trichome biocomposites exhibited lower shrinkage and superior compressive mechanical performance after dehydration.

Conclusions:

  • Preserving Spirulina's biological microstructure enhances material cohesion and mechanical function.
  • This approach offers design principles for sustainable algae-based structural materials.
  • Findings support the use of intact algal structures in biofabrication.