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Electro-mechanical Systems01:19

Electro-mechanical Systems

Electromechanical systems are intricate configurations that effectively combine electrical and mechanical elements to achieve a desired outcome. Central to many of these systems is the DC motor, a device that converts electrical energy into mechanical motion, enabling various applications ranging from simple fans to complex robotic mechanisms.
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Mapping Long-Term Memory Modulation With Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation.

Dima Chitic1, Miles Wischnewski1

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Research School of Behavioral and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.

Neuromodulation : Journal of the International Neuromodulation Society
|March 5, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) effects on long-term memory (LTM) depend on stimulation frequency and brain region. Optimal LTM enhancement may involve nonlinear responses to electric field strength, suggesting precise targeting is crucial.

Keywords:
Electric field modelinglong-term memorymeta-analysisneural oscillationstranscranial alternating current stimulation

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Computational Modeling

Background:

  • Long-term memory (LTM) relies on neural oscillations in the cerebral cortex.
  • Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is used to modulate LTM, but optimal application remains unclear due to parameter variability.
  • Identifying precise tACS targets for LTM enhancement requires understanding site- and frequency-specific effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between brain electric fields induced by tACS and LTM performance.
  • To create a brain-wide map of tACS effects on LTM by integrating behavioral data and computational modeling.
  • To determine optimal stimulation parameters and locations for modulating LTM.

Main Methods:

  • Meta-analysis of behavioral data from 20 studies (58 effect sizes) on tACS and LTM.
  • Computational modeling of brain electric fields based on individual study tACS parameters.
  • Generation of a performance-electric field index map using linear and quadratic fits.

Main Results:

  • Theta-tACS showed negative associations in left lateral prefrontal and temporal areas, decreasing LTM.
  • A U-shaped relationship was observed in medial temporal and ventromedial prefrontal cortex for theta-tACS, indicating improved LTM at low/high electric field strengths.
  • Gamma-tACS demonstrated positive linear associations in parieto-occipital cortex and negative in frontal regions.

Conclusions:

  • tACS effects on LTM are specific to stimulation frequency and brain site.
  • The relationship between electric field strength and LTM modulation can be nonlinear.
  • Integrating meta-analytic findings with field estimates offers a framework for future memory modulation research.