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Updated: Mar 7, 2026

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Reinstatement as renewal produced by associative changes in context.

James Byron Nelson1, Maria Del Carmen Sanjuan

  • 1Facultad de Psicologia: Procesos Basicos y Su Desarrollo, Universidad del Pais Vasco (UPV/EHU).

Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Learning and Cognition
|March 5, 2026
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Summary

Reinstatement, the recovery of extinguished responses, can occur when context-outcome associations change. This study shows how altering these associations between conditioning, extinction, and testing influences response renewal.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Behavioral Neuroscience
  • Learning and Memory

Background:

  • Reinstatement is the recovery of extinguished responses to a cue.
  • This phenomenon is thought to involve changes in context-outcome associations.
  • Understanding these changes is crucial for explaining response renewal.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if changes in context-outcome associations between extinction and testing drive response reinstatement.
  • To manipulate context-outcome associations during conditioning, extinction, and testing phases.
  • To determine the role of context-outcome associations in the renewal of extinguished responding.

Main Methods:

  • Two experiments used a space-shooter video game to study response reinstatement.
  • Participants learned stimulus-response-outcome associations (R-O1) and underwent extinction.
  • Context-outcome associations were manipulated using unsignaled stimuli (O2) or their absence across phases.

Main Results:

  • Strong recovery of extinguished responding occurred when O2 was present during conditioning and pre-test, but absent during extinction.
  • A smaller recovery was observed when O2 was absent during conditioning and pre-test, but present during extinction.
  • Response recovery was dependent on prior O2 conditioning, suggesting it's not simple disinhibition.

Conclusions:

  • Context-outcome associations significantly influence response reinstatement.
  • Changes in these associations between learning phases are key to renewal of extinguished behavior.
  • The findings support the role of associative changes in explaining reinstatement phenomena.