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Correction: Critical risk identification in construction projects using 2D and 3D risk matrices.

PloS one·2026

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An R-Based Landscape Validation of a Competing Risk Model

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Critical risk identification in construction projects using 2D and 3D risk matrices.

Shamal Ali Othman¹, Dalshad Kakasor Ismael Jaff¹, Ahmet Öztaş²

¹Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq.

|March 5, 2026

Summary

This study identifies and prioritizes construction risks using Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) and Risk Breakdown Structure (RBS). A 3D risk matrix combining cost and time impact provides more accurate results than multiplying impacts.

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Area of Science:

Construction Management
Risk Assessment
Project Management

Background:

Construction projects face numerous risks impacting cost and duration.
Effective risk identification and prioritization are crucial for project success.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify and prioritize key construction risks.
To evaluate the effectiveness of different risk matrix approaches.

Main Methods:

Combined Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) with Risk Breakdown Structure (RBS).
Identified 63 risk factors across five WBS categories: earthwork, concrete, finishing, mechanical, and electrical.
Analyzed risks using 2D and 3D risk matrices based on engineer-reported probability and impact data from 378 respondents.

Main Results:

Developed and compared two 3D risk matrices: one multiplying cost and time impact, the other combining them.
The 3D risk matrix combining cost and time impact demonstrated superior accuracy in risk assessment.

Conclusions:

The integrated WBS and RBS approach effectively identifies and prioritizes construction risks.
A 3D risk matrix that combines cost and time impacts offers a more accurate risk assessment tool for construction projects.