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Related Concept Videos

Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers01:15

Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers

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Many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic; they do not cross the cell membrane but bind to cell-surface receptors. Thus, their message must be relayed by second messengers present in the cell cytoplasm. There are several second messenger pathways, each with its own way of relaying information. For example, the G protein-coupled receptors can activate both phosphoinositol and cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger pathways. The phosphoinositol pathway is active when the receptor induces...
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Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade01:22

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When a ligand binds to a cell-surface receptor, the receptor's intracellular domain changes shape, which may either activate its enzyme function or allow its binding to other molecules. The initial signal is amplified by most signal transduction pathways. This means that a single ligand molecule can activate multiple molecules of a downstream target. Proteins that relay a signal are most commonly phosphorylated at one or more sites, activating or inactivating the protein. Kinases catalyze...
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Sound Waves: Interference00:53

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Sound waves can be modeled either as longitudinal waves, wherein the molecules of the medium oscillate around an equilibrium position, or as pressure waves. When two identical waves from the same source superimpose on each other, the combination of two crests or two troughs results in amplitude reinforcement known as constructive interference. If two identical waves, that are initially in phase, become out of phase because of different path lengths, the combination of crests with troughs...
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Cell Signaling Feedback Loops01:07

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Positive and negative feedback loops are crucial for regulating biological signaling systems. These feedback loops are processes that connect output signals to their inputs.
Negative feedback loops
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Signal Transduction: Overview01:26

Signal Transduction: Overview

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Cells respond to many types of information, often through receptor proteins positioned on the membrane. They respond to chemical signals, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and other signaling molecules, initiating a series of molecular reactions to produce an appropriate response. This is called signal transduction. Cells also coordinate different responses elicited by the same signaling molecule via mediators, allowing molecular cross-talk.
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Interference and Diffraction02:18

Interference and Diffraction

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Interference is a characteristic phenomenon exhibited by waves. When two electromagnetic waves interact with their peaks and troughs coinciding, a resulting wave with enhanced amplitude is produced. This is known as constructive interference. In this case, the two waves interacting are in phase with each other.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 7, 2026

Signal Attenuation as a Rat Model of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
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Soaking up destructive signals.

Iana Fedorova1, Joseph Bondy-Denomy1

  • 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|March 5, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Researchers used a structure-based method to find bacteriophage proteins. These proteins are key to blocking bacterial immune defenses, offering new insights into phage-bacteria interactions.

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Structural Biology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Bacterial immunity systems, such as CRISPR-Cas, provide defense against phages.
  • Bacteriophages (phages) are viruses that infect bacteria and are crucial in microbial ecosystems.
  • Understanding phage-bacterial interactions is vital for fields like biotechnology and medicine.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify specific bacteriophage proteins that can inhibit bacterial immune responses.
  • To utilize a structure-based approach for discovering these anti-immunity factors.
  • To provide a foundation for engineering phages with enhanced infectivity.

Main Methods:

  • Structure-based computational screening of phage proteomes.
  • Identification of protein structural motifs associated with bacterial immune system interference.

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  • Experimental validation of identified phage proteins against bacterial immunity.

    • Main Results:

    • Discovery of novel bacteriophage proteins with potent bacterial immune blocking activity.
    • Elucidation of the structural basis for phage protein interaction with bacterial defense mechanisms.
    • Demonstration that these proteins can overcome bacterial resistance.

    Conclusions:

    • Bacteriophage proteins can be effectively identified using structure-based methods.
    • These identified proteins represent a new class of anti-bacterial immunity factors.
    • This discovery opens avenues for phage therapy and synthetic biology applications.