[Bio-immune synergistic strategies for the regeneration of jawbone defects]

Bone defects resulting from trauma, tumors or other etiologies are common, but their repair remains a major clinical challenge. Autologous bone grafting, the current gold standard, faces limitations including donor site morbidity and limited graft availability. In recent years, with the rapid development of bone tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, the focus of research has gradually shifted from single-factor optimization to integrated multi-factor strategies. This review highlights three cutting-edge directions in regenerative medicine for jawbone defects: the evolution from stem cell therapy to cell-free strategies, precision delivery of bioactive factors, and the coupling mechanisms of immune-bone repair. It emphasizes the necessity of integrated approaches, discusses the persistent challenges in clinical translation and outlines future research priorities. This review aims to provide a theoretical foundation for advancing multidisciplinary integration and develop personalized, standardized regenerative treatment strategies.