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This study reveals how ecological and evolutionary processes shape species interactions. A cost-benefit balance in interactions creates either competitive or mutualistic communities, impacting biodiversity and network structure.

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Theoretical Ecology

Background:

  • Understanding ecological community assembly is crucial for biodiversity.
  • The interplay between ecology and evolution in generating community structure is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanisms driving biodiversity and structure in complex species interaction networks.
  • To differentiate the roles of selection and inheritance in shaping community assembly.
  • To classify ecosystems based on their interaction types.

Main Methods:

  • Developed an eco-evolutionary model incorporating population dynamics, speciation, and interaction inheritance.
  • Compared evolutionary assembly with invasion-based assembly under varying interaction types.
  • Validated model predictions against empirical data from microbial communities.

Main Results:

  • A cost-benefit balance in interactions determines community type: weak benefits lead to competition-dominated networks, while strong benefits yield mutualistic networks.
  • Mutualism, influenced by both selection and inheritance, promotes larger, more complex communities.
  • Identified key drivers of ecosystem assembly and characteristic interaction structures.

Conclusions:

  • The study proposes a classification system for complex ecosystems based on interaction composition (mutualistic vs. competitive).
  • Findings generate testable hypotheses on the conditions favoring different community types.
  • Highlights the critical role of mutualism in fostering biodiversity and network complexity.