Th17/Treg cell imbalance in allergic rhinitis: mechanisms and therapeutic implications

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a chronic, noninfectious inflammation of the nasal mucosa. Recent worldwide epidemiological surveys have indicated an increase in AR incidence. Recurrent allergic symptoms, disease complications and prolonged treatment have brought heavy physical and mental burdens to AR patients. AR pathogenesis is an IgE-mediated type I allergic reaction involving multiple immune cells and cytokines. The imbalance between T helper 17 cells (Th17) and regulatory cells (Tregs) plays an important role in the immune imbalance in AR. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the immune imbalance of AR, focusing on the key role of Th17/Treg cell imbalance in the pathogenesis of diseases. In addition to exploring the potential mechanisms, this article also reviews various treatments to regulate the balance of Th17/Treg, including conventional drug treatment, traditional Chinese medicine compounds, probiotics and emerging therapies. Increasing amounts of clinical and experimental evidence confirm that restoring the Th17/Treg balance is an effective strategy for relieve AR symptoms. This study aims to promote the understanding of the disease mechanism by summarizing the regulatory role of Th17/Treg in AR, and provide valuable insights for the development of innovative treatment models.