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Patient-derived organoids (PDOs): a novel preclinical platform to overcome challenges in cancer immunotherapy

Dongmei Ni1, Junjie Xing2, Gengming Niu3

  • 1Cancer Center, Shanghai 411 Hospital, China RongTong Medical Healthcare Group Co., Ltd./411 Hospital, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.

Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology
|March 6, 2026
PubMed

Insights

Patient-derived organoids (PDOs) are revolutionizing cancer immunotherapy research by overcoming limitations in preclinical models. These immuno-organoid (iPDO) models offer new ways to predict treatment response and discover personalized therapies.

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Cancer immunotherapy has transformed cancer treatment but faces challenges like low response rates and inadequate preclinical models.
  • Patient-derived organoids (PDOs) are emerging as a promising solution to these limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the application of PDOs in cancer immunotherapy research.
  • To elucidate the potential of immuno-organoid (iPDO) models in addressing current challenges.

Main Methods:

  • Categorization of iPDO models into reconstituted and native systems.
  • Discussion of iPDOs' ability to deconvolute the tumor microenvironment (TME).
  • Highlighting the use of iPDOs for predicting clinical responses and unraveling resistance mechanisms through multi-omics.

Main Results:

  • iPDOs serve as "living biomarkers" for predicting patient responses to immunotherapy.
  • Multi-omics analysis of iPDOs aids in understanding and overcoming treatment resistance.
  • iPDOs facilitate high-throughput screening for personalized combination therapies.

Conclusions:

  • Immuno-PDO models represent a significant advancement in precision immuno-oncology.
  • Integration with bioengineering, multi-omics, and AI promises to improve clinical outcomes by deciphering resistance mechanisms.
Keywords:
biomarkercancer immunotherapyimmune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs)patient-derived organoids (PDOs)tumor microenvironment (TME)

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