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Flail Chest-II

Flail Chest-II

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Updated: Mar 7, 2026

A Saline/Bipolar Radiofrequency Energy Device As an Adjunct for Hemostasis in Solid Organ Injury/Trauma

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Core outcome set for liver trauma: a consensus approach using modified Delphi methodology.

Christian Damone Cain¹, Saskya Byerly², Nicole A Stassen³

¹R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Trauma Surgery & Acute Care Open

|March 6, 2026

Summary

Researchers developed a core outcome set (COS) for liver trauma to standardize reporting. This standardized approach will improve research comparability and evidence synthesis in liver trauma management.

Keywords:

Outcome Assessment, Health Care liver

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Last Updated: Mar 7, 2026

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Published on: March 6, 2021

Area of Science:

Trauma Surgery
Clinical Research Methodology

Background:

Liver trauma management has shifted towards algorithmic approaches, integrating non-operative strategies with surgical interventions for severe injuries.
Inconsistent outcome measures across studies hinder effective clinical research and evidence synthesis in liver trauma.
Standardizing outcome reporting is crucial for advancing liver trauma research.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a core outcome set (COS) for liver trauma research.
To standardize outcome reporting in liver trauma studies.
To improve the comparability and evidence synthesis of liver trauma research.

Main Methods:

A modified Delphi consensus methodology, adhering to COMET and COS-STAD guidelines, was employed.
Twenty trauma surgery experts participated in three consensus rounds.
Consensus was achieved using a 9-point Likert scale, with specific criteria for critical importance and irrelevance, and assessed via Intraclass Correlation (ICC).

Main Results:

Twenty experts completed all three rounds, with a 95% response rate.
Out of 102 initial suggestions, 41 unique outcomes were identified and refined.
Twelve outcomes were prioritized across four domains: operative decision-making, non-operative management success, hepatic complications, and healthcare utilization. Strong inter-rater reliability (ICC=0.89) was observed.

Conclusions:

A rigorously developed core outcome set (COS) for liver trauma has been established.
This COS will guide future research by providing standardized outcomes for liver trauma.
Adoption of this COS is expected to enhance reporting consistency and facilitate evidence synthesis in the field.