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Related Concept Videos

ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias01:25

ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias

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Arrhythmia is a condition characterized by an irregular heart rhythm, with ECG changes that differ based on its origin and nature. The types of arrhythmias discussed below include atrial, junctional, and ventricular arrhythmias.Atrial ArrhythmiasPremature Atrial Complexes (PACs): PACs are early atrial beats caused by stress, caffeine, alcohol, electrolyte imbalances, hypoxia, hyperthyroidism, or certain medications (e.g., bronchodilators and decongestants). The ECG shows early P waves with an...
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Acute Coronary Syndrome III: Diagnostic Studies01:30

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Diagnosing acute coronary syndrome or ACS begins with a thorough patient history. Notable symptoms include central, crushing chest pain radiating to the left arm, neck, jaw, or back, along with shortness of breath, sweating (diaphoresis), nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and palpitations.It is crucial to note any history of cardiac illnesses and assess risk factors, including age, gender, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and a sedentary lifestyle.During physical examination, vital...
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Electrophysiology of Normal Cardiac Rhythm01:19

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The normal cardiac rhythm is a synchronized electrical activity that facilitates the regular and coordinated contraction of the heart muscle. This process is essential for efficient blood circulation throughout the body. The fundamental elements involved in establishing and maintaining this rhythm include the unique electrical properties of cardiac muscle cells, the sinoatrial (SA) node's pacemaker function, the specialized conducting system, and the ionic mechanisms underlying each phase...
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Electrocardiogram01:29

Electrocardiogram

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An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a critical diagnostic tool that records the electrical signals produced by the heart during each heartbeat. This recording is achieved through electrodes placed strategically on the arms, legs, and chest. The electrocardiograph amplifies these signals and produces 12 distinct tracings, offering a comprehensive understanding of the heart's electrical activity.
Three major waveforms are present in a typical ECG recording: the P wave, the QRS complex, and...
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Correlation between ECG and Cardiac Cycle01:25

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The electrical signals recorded on an electrocardiogram (ECG) occur before the mechanical processes of contraction and relaxation during the cardiac cycle.
A cardiac action potential originates in the SA node and spreads throughout the atria and the AV node in approximately 0.03 seconds. This results in the P wave in an ECG and triggers atrial contraction. The action potential is then briefly slowed at the AV node, allowing the atria to contract and fill the ventricles with blood before...
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Mechanism of Cardiac Arrhythmias01:28

Mechanism of Cardiac Arrhythmias

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Arrhythmias are irregular heart rhythms occurring when the heart's electrical impulses become abnormal. These disturbances can lead to various symptoms, depending on their severity and the underlying cause. Some common factors contributing to arrhythmias include hypoxia, ischemia, electrolyte imbalances, excessive catecholamine exposure, drug toxicity, and muscle overstretching. Arrhythmias can be classified into two main types based on the rate and site of origin of abnormal heart rhythms.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 7, 2026

Estimating Bilateral Atrial Function by Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Feature Tracking in Patients with Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation
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Electrocardiogram P-Wave Dispersion and New-Onset Atrial Fibrillation: A Nested Case-Control Study.

Chunlei Wu1, Yunxia Ma1, Pan Yang2

  • 1Department of Electrocardiography and Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 213000 Changzhou, Jiangsu, China.

Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine
|March 6, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Electrocardiogram P-wave dispersion (Pd) in sinus rhythm is linked to a higher risk of new-onset atrial fibrillation (NAF) within one year. This finding helps identify individuals at risk earlier for improved clinical outcomes.

Keywords:
P-wave dispersionatrial fibrillationelectrocardiogramrisk

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Electrophysiology
  • Preventive Medicine

Background:

  • Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common arrhythmia.
  • Early identification of individuals at risk for new-onset AF (NAF) is crucial for timely intervention and improved patient outcomes.
  • Electrocardiogram (ECG) parameters may offer insights into AF risk.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between P-wave dispersion (Pd) measured via ECG during sinus rhythm and the subsequent risk of developing NAF within one year.
  • To identify potential biomarkers for early risk stratification of NAF.

Main Methods:

  • A retrospective nested case-control study was conducted involving 824 participants (206 NAF cases, 618 controls).
  • ECG, echocardiographic, laboratory, and clinical data were collected within one year of the NAF diagnosis index date.
  • Conditional logistic regression models and generalized additive models (GAMs) were used to analyze the association between ECG parameters and NAF risk.

Main Results:

  • Participants who developed NAF exhibited significantly higher P-wave duration, P-wave dispersion (Pd), and left atrial diameter compared to controls.
  • Increased Pd was independently associated with a higher risk of NAF within one year (OR: 1.149, 95% CI: 1.099-1.202).
  • Curve fitting confirmed a positive correlation between Pd and NAF risk.

Conclusions:

  • ECG P-wave dispersion (Pd) during sinus rhythm is an independent predictor of new-onset atrial fibrillation (NAF) within one year.
  • Measuring Pd may aid in identifying individuals at higher risk for NAF, facilitating earlier clinical management.