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Evolving landscape in geophagy: mapping global research dimensions.

Priyanka Jena1, Raj Kishor Kampa2, Sakti Prasad Pattnayak1

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Geophagy, or soil ingestion, is a complex behavior across animals and humans. Research shows increasing trends, driven by mineral needs and detoxification, but also risks like toxic metals and parasites.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Geophagy research spans multiple disciplines including geology, ecology, anthropology, and health sciences.
  • This study reviews scholarly literature on geophagy, a behavior observed across diverse animal taxa and humans.

Background:

  • Geophagy, the purposeful ingestion of soil, is documented across various animal species and humans.
  • Despite growing research, a systematic review of geophagy literature is lacking, hindering a comprehensive understanding of trends.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a bibliometric review and thematic synthesis of geophagy research.
  • To analyze trends, drivers, and implications of geophagy across different taxa and contexts.

Main Methods:

  • Bibliometric analysis of geophagy publications indexed in the Scopus database until June 2025.
  • Structured thematic synthesis to identify key research themes and findings.

Main Results:

  • Publication trends show an increase from 2010 onwards, primarily led by developed nations.
  • Geophagy is multifactorial, driven by mineral supplementation, detoxification, and gastrointestinal regulation.
  • In humans, geophagy presents both adaptive (micronutrient needs) and pathological (toxic metal/parasite exposure) roles.

Conclusions:

  • Geophagy hotspots are influenced by soil geochemistry, particularly clays and rare earth elements.
  • Standardized research protocols are needed to differentiate adaptive benefits from toxicological risks.
  • Integrated, interdisciplinary research is crucial to advance understanding and address research gaps in geophagy.