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Related Concept Videos

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay01:33

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

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In 1971, Peter Perlman and Eva Engvall developed an Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA or EIA). ELISA differs from western blot in that the assays are conducted in microtiter plates or in vivo rather than on an absorbent membrane.
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Updated: Mar 8, 2026

Ultrasensitive Detection of Biomarkers by Using a Molecular Imprinting Based Capacitive Biosensor
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Biosensor-based diagnosis for infectious diseases: Nano-enabled revolution.

Fathy M Elkady1, Nasir A Ibrahim2, Bahaa M Badr3

  • 1Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, P.O. Box 11884, Cairo, Egypt.

Microbial Pathogenesis
|March 6, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Nano-enabled biosensors offer rapid, cost-effective diagnostics for infectious diseases, overcoming limitations of traditional methods. These advanced tools enable early detection of multidrug-resistant pathogens, crucial for global health.

Keywords:
Antimicrobial resistanceBiosensorsInfectious diseasesNano-biosensorsPathogens detection

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Diagnostic Microbiology
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Infectious diseases (IDs) present a global health challenge, intensified by rising multidrug-resistant (MDR) and antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) pathogens.
  • Conventional diagnostic methods (culture, PCR) are reliable but often slow, costly, and infrastructure-intensive.
  • Biosensors offer a promising alternative for rapid, cost-effective, and sensitive pathogen detection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the principles, components, and classifications of biosensors, with a focus on nano-enabled platforms for ID diagnosis.
  • To highlight the advantages of nano-biosensors over traditional diagnostic techniques.
  • To discuss current limitations and future directions in biosensor development for infectious disease diagnostics.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic classification of biosensors based on transduction mechanisms (optical, electrochemical, mass-sensitive, magnetic) and bioreceptor types (aptamers, antibodies, enzymes, peptides, whole cells).
  • Emphasis on the integration of nanomaterials (gold, silver, QDs, CNTs) to enhance biosensor performance.
  • Review of specific nano-biosensor applications for detecting pathogens like E. coli, S. aureus, K. pneumoniae, and P. aeruginosa.

Main Results:

  • Nano-biosensors demonstrate enhanced sensitivity, miniaturization, and applicability for ID diagnosis.
  • Specific nano-biosensors show low detection limits for clinically relevant pathogens.
  • Biosensors convert molecular interactions into measurable signals via optical, electrochemical, or mass-sensitive transduction.

Conclusions:

  • Nano-enabled biosensors represent a significant advancement in diagnostic microbiology, offering rapid and cost-effective alternatives to traditional methods.
  • Early and precise identification of resistant pathogens is achievable with nano-biosensors, aiding outbreak management, especially in resource-limited settings.
  • Future innovations include multiplexed detection, AI integration, and improved biosensor portability.