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Related Concept Videos

Knee Joint01:23

Knee Joint

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The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
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Design Example: Frog Muscle Response01:14

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A student is tasked to work on an intriguing experiment involving an RL (Resistor-Inductor) circuit to study the muscle response of a frog's leg to electrical stimulation. The RL circuit plays a crucial role in this experiment, providing the means to control and measure the electrical impulses that trigger muscle contraction.
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Flexural Stress01:16

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When analyzing bending in symmetric members, it's crucial to understand how stresses distribute when subjected to bending moments. This stress distribution is effectively described by applying fundamental mechanics and material science principles, particularly Hooke's Law for elastic materials.
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Development of the Limb Synovial Joints01:07

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Joints form during embryonic development in conjunction with the formation and growth of the associated bones. The embryonic tissue that gives rise to all bones, cartilage, and connective tissues of the body is called mesenchyme.
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Three-Dimensional Force System01:30

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In mechanical engineering, a three-dimensional force system is a system of forces acting in three dimensions, with forces applied along the x, y, and z coordinate axes. The three-dimensional force system is an important concept in mechanical engineering, as it allows engineers to understand and analyze the behavior of objects and structures in three dimensions. By understanding the forces acting on a system, engineers can design more efficient and effective mechanical systems that can withstand...
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Three-spring flexion-resistance module for knee orthoses design and evaluation.

Víctor Hernández-Hernández1, Orlando Susarrey-Huerta1, Usiel S Silva-Rivera2

  • 1Instituto Politécnico Nacional, SEPI-ESIME, U.P. Adolfo López Mateos, Zacatenco, Mexico City, Mexico.

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|March 7, 2026
PubMed
Summary

A new three-spring knee brace mechanism improves energy absorption and reduces joint instability during high-demand activities. This shock-absorbing design offers significant passive flexion resistance, aiding knee function.

Keywords:
Knee orthosisassistive devicebiomechanicsfinite-element analysisshock absorptionspring mechanism

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Orthotics and Prosthetics
  • Mechanical Design

Background:

  • Existing passive knee orthoses offer limited energy dissipation and load regulation for high-demand activities.
  • Joint instability necessitates assistive devices that can manage flexion loads effectively.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and validate a compact, three-spring mechanism for knee orthoses.
  • To enhance energy absorption, provide quasi-passive flexion resistance, and redistribute loads.

Main Methods:

  • Combined analytical modeling, finite-element simulations (ANSYS Explicit Dynamics®), and experimental testing.
  • Developed a mechanism with two compression and one tension spring in an aluminum frame.
  • Validated through pilot functional testing with adult volunteers performing one-leg rise and deep-squat tasks.

Main Results:

  • Simulations and experiments showed close agreement (<3% deviation) in force and deformation.
  • The mechanism provided an estimated 70.54 Nm passive flexion resistance, reducing required torque by 48.22% compared to post-ACLR data.
  • Peak stresses were below aluminum yield strength; functional tests indicated moderate perceived assistance (VAS scores ~37-42).

Conclusions:

  • The proposed multi-spring mechanism demonstrates feasibility as a compact, assistive knee orthosis concept.
  • The design offers measurable quasi-passive resistance and withstands high-flexion loading.
  • Further research is warranted for fatigue assessment, optimization, and clinical validation with objective outcomes.