Organoids revolutionizing precancer research

Precancerous lesions are pivotal intermediates in tumorigenesis, creating critical windows for early detection and intervention. However, research has been hindered by limited clinical samples, pronounced molecular heterogeneity, and the absence of models that faithfully mirror in vivo pathology. Organoids have emerged as a powerful solution, preserving patient-specific genetic, phenotypic, and microenvironmental features while enabling long-term culture and functional interrogation.

This review aims to systematically synthesize recent advances in organoid-based modeling of precancerous lesions. We summarize the latest progress in organoid construction strategies, validation frameworks, and multidimensional applications, including mechanistic dissection of precancerous evolution, biomarker discovery for early detection, and therapeutic screening for precision prevention. Furthermore, we highlight integrative approaches that combine CRISPR-mediated genome editing and single-cell multi-omics to enhance the fidelity, scalability, and clinical relevance of organoid systems in precancer research.

Organoid technology is reshaping paradigms in precancer research by bridging fundamental biology with clinical translation, providing unprecedented tools for early detection, risk stratification, and personalized cancer prevention.